INFORMATION CENTRE

TOUT ENVIRON ASTHMA

2008-05-23T10:00:00.000-07:00

http://www.lungusa.org/site/c.dvLUK9O0E/b.22581/

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise-induced-asthma/DS01040

Facts about Asthma
Controlling Asthma
What Is Asthma?
Asthma Attacks
When You Have Asthma
Know Your Asthma Symptoms
Find Out What Starts Your Asthma Symptoms
So What's The Good News In All Of This?
The Asthma Profiler™ - Help With Treatment Decisions
CONTROLLING ASTHMA
Asthma can be controlled. You can do it! When you know how to control asthma, it no longer controls you.
WHAT IS ASTHMA?
Asthma is a lung disease. It can be life threatening.
Asthma is chronic. In other words, you live with it every day.
Asthma causes breathing problems.
These breathing problems are called attacks or episodes of asthma.
WHEN YOU HAVE ASTHMA
It's important to:
Take your asthma seriously.
Take your asthma medicines as directed.
When asthma symptoms don't improve, get help.
KNOW YOUR ASTHMA SYMPTOMS
"I cough a lot while I exercise or even when I rest after exercising."
"I have shortness of breath."
"I make a wheezing sound when I breathe."
"I feel a tightness in my chest."
Do you feel this way sometimes? Any one of these symptoms may mean that you have asthma. You can have one or more of these symptoms or even different ones. Symptoms are clues that let you know that you are having an asthma attack.
FIND OUT WHAT STARTS YOUR ASTHMA SYMPTOMS
Often symptoms get started or "triggered" by something that bothers your lungs. These things are called asthma triggers.
There are many kinds of triggers. They can range from viruses (such as colds) to allergies, to gases and particles in the air.
Given this range, you may find it hard to figure out what starts your asthma attacks.
SO WHAT'S THE GOOD NEWS IN ALL OF THIS?
Once you find out your triggers, you can do something to prevent your asthma attacks. This gives you control. The result is that when and if you have attacks, there's a good chance that they will be less severe and you won't have as many.
For example, do you get an asthma attack after you've exercised? If you do, you should tell your doctor. You can get help.
You can still exercise when you have asthma, but you may need to take rest breaks while you exercise. If you know that exercise triggers your asthma, the doctor may tell you to take your asthma medicine before you exercise. This way, you can still have fun exercising without having an asthma attack.
There are other asthma triggers that you can get rid of or avoid. Good examples of these triggers are cold air, dust, feathers or molds.
Cigarette smoking is another trigger that must be avoided. If you smoke, you need to quit. Smoking cigarettes will make your asthma worse, and if you breathe the smoke from someone else's cigarette, you may get an asthma attack.
This is true for children, too. In fact, children are especially at risk when they breathe secondhand smoke. Studies show that children of smokers are more likely to suffer asthma attacks. Their asthma gets worse, too.
But you can do something about this. You can protect yourself (and if you're a parent with a child who has asthma, you can protect your child, too) when you know the risks of smoking cigarettes or breathing secondhand smoke. The wisest and healthiest things you can do are to live, work and play in places that are smoke free.
Remember:
Asthma symptoms and attacks usually get started by triggers.
Talk to a doctor about these triggers.
Find ways to avoid them. Find ways to get rid of them.
Asthma Attacks
October 2007
An Asthma Attack
Severe Attacks
Moderate and Mild Attacks
The Second Wave
AN ASTHMA ATTACK
Doctors are not exactly certain how you get asthma. But they do know that once you have it, your lungs overreact to things and can cause an asthma attack.
For instance, you might get an asthma attack when you have a cold (or some other kind of respiratory infection). Or, you might get an attack when you breathe something that bothers your lungs (such as cigarette smoke, dust or feathers).
When this happens, three changes take place in your lungs:
Cells in your air tubes make more mucus than normal. This mucus is very thick and sticky. It tends to clog up the tubes.
The air tubes tend to swell, just as skin swells when you get a scrape.
The muscles in your air tubes tighten.
These changes cause the air tubes to narrow. This makes it hard to breathe.
Asthma attacks may start suddenly. Or they may take a long time, even days, to develop. Attacks can be severe, moderate or mild.

SEVERE ATTACKS
When these happen, you may become breathless. As you're less and less able to breathe, you may have trouble talking. Your neck muscles may become tight as you breathe. Your lips and fingernails might turn a grayish or bluish color. The skin around the ribs of your chest might be sucked in; this happens most often in children. If you are using a peak flow meter you will drop below 50% of your personal best.
In the case of a severe asthma attack:
Take your asthma medicine prescribed for an attack and get emergency medical help right away!
You can get into trouble if you wait too long to get help. This is how people die from asthma.
Go quickly to your health care provider's office or an emergency room. The sooner you see a health care provider, the faster you get the help you need.
MODERATE AND MILD ATTACKS
These attacks are more common. You may start to feel tight in your chest. You might start coughing or spit up mucus. You may feel restless or have trouble sleeping. You might make a wheezing or whistling sound when you breathe. This can happen as you breathe air in and out of your narrowed air tubes.
What should you do in the case of a moderate or mild asthma attack? Take your asthma medicine prescribed for an attack. Usually then the air tubes in your lungs open up in minutes. Sometimes, though, it can take several hours. Ask your health care provider how long it takes for the medicine to work.
If your medicine does not work in the time it is supposed to, call your health care provider.
THE SECOND WAVE
In some cases, your asthma attack may seem to ease up. However, changes may take place in your air tubes that cause another attack or second wave. This can be more severe and more dangerous than the first attack.
In the second wave, the air tubes continue to swell. This may happen even when you're not having asthma symptoms. At this time, you might find it harder to breathe.
The second wave may last for days or even weeks after the first attack. Your lungs become more sensitive to other irritants. This can trigger more attacks.
During the second wave, you may have to be admitted to a hospital. Health care providers need to take care of your asthma and give you medicines that will reduce the swelling in your air tubes and relax the tightened muscles.
In any kind of asthma attack:
Don't take cough medicine. This will not help your asthma.
Take only the asthma medicines that a health care provider gives you.

About Asthma Medicines
July 2005
Asthma medicines keep the air tubes in your lungs open. There are two groups of asthma medicines:
Bronchodilators are medicines that help to stop asthma attacks after they've started and can help prevent expected attacks, as from exercise.
Anti-inflammatories are medicines that help to control the airway inflammation and prevent asthma attacks from starting.
These medicines are sold under many brand names. They come in different forms, too. They can include sprays, pills, powders, liquids and shots. The doctor chooses the medicine and form that will work best for you.
Let's take a closer look at how these medicines can help you.
Bronchodilators give you relief during an asthma attack. These medicines work to relax the muscles in your air tubes. As this happens, your air tubes open up, making it easier for you to breathe.
Anti-inflammatories, on the other hand, work to keep your air tubes open all of the time so that you don't have an asthma attack in the first place. These medicines reduce the swelling in your air tubes and decrease the mucus. Cromolyn and nedocromil are two examples of anti-inflammatory medicines.
Another example is corticosteroids. When you hear the word "steroid" you might think of the steroids used by athletes. This may worry you if you have heard about the problems and side effects athletes have when taking steroids. But corticosteroids are not the steroids used by athletes. Those steroids are called "anabolic steroids."
Remember that corticosteroids are used to help prevent asthma attacks from starting. When you take this medicine in a spray form, the risk of serious side effects is very little.
The chance of serious side effects increases when these medicines are taken in a pill or liquid form over a long period. In that case, you need to get regular check-ups by a doctor to make sure that the medicine works the best way for you.
Let's talk about side effects for a moment. Every kind of medicine, even aspirin, can have some side effects. But a doctor can help you by finding ways to control side effects.
When it comes to asthma medicines, it is important to check regularly with a doctor to make sure that these medicines are helping you.
Sometimes you may have some side effects, such as a sore throat, nervousness, nausea, rapid heartbeat, loss of appetite, or staying awake. Tell a doctor if you feel this way. The doctor may want to change your dose, or try a different asthma medicine.
The purpose of asthma medicines is to help you feel better and control your asthma so that you can do what you want to do without asthma getting in your way.
One final note on medicines. There is another kind of treatment that may be helpful to you if your asthma attacks get started by allergies. This treatment is called hyposensitization therapy or allergy shots. These shots may be helpful to you in preventing your asthma attacks. Not all experts agree about the usefulness of allergy shots. On the other hand, the kinds of things that you do are just as important as the kinds of medicines that you take. You can help yourself when you try to avoid or get rid of the things that make you allergic, such as dust, feathers or animal fur. By doing this, you really take control and make it possible for your asthma medicines to work successfully.

Asthma Medications Chart
December 2007
Long-Term Control Medications

Type of Medicine

Generic Name

Brand Name
Possible Side Effects to report to your health care provider (not a complete list)

Short-Acting Beta2-Agonists (SABA): Inhaled or Oral Bronchodilator
albuterol

albuterol sulfate
Accuneb®
Proventil
HFA®
Ventolin
HFA ®
ProAir HFA ®
Proventil Repetabs® (tablet)
VoSpire ER®
increased heart rate
palpitations
nausea
vomiting
nervousness
headache
sleeplessness
tremor, shaking feeling
pirbuterol acetate
Maxair®

Terbutaline Sulfate
Brethine® (tabs only)

Levalbuterol hydrochloride
Xopenex®

Levalbuterol tartrate
Xopenex HFA®

Anticholinergics, Inhaled Bronchodilator
Ipratropium bromide
Atrovent®
dry mouth
rapid heart rate
Inhaled Corticosteroids:
Potent anti-inflammatory
beclomethasone
diaproprionate
QVAR® 40mg
QVAR® 80mg
creamy white, curd-like patches in mouth
cough
Side Effects that usually do not require medical attention unless they persist:
dry mouth
cough
hoarseness
headache
nose bleeds (nasal steroids only)
throat irritation
budesonide
Pulmicort Respules®
Pulmicort Turbuhaler®

flunisolide
AeroBid®
Aerospan HFA

fluticasone proprionate
Flovent®
Flovent Diskus®
(50 mg; 100 mg; 250mg)
Flovent HFA®

mometasone furoate

Asthmanex®

triamcinolone
Azmacort®

Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists (LABA): Inhaled or Oral Bronchodilator
To be used only with inhaled corticosteroids
formoterol fumarate
Foradil Aerolizer®
increased heart rate
palpitations
nervousness
sleeplessness
headache
nausea
vomiting
tremor, shaking feeling
salmeterol xinofate
Serevent Diskus®

Combined Medication: Inhaled Bronchodilator and Steroid
Budesonide + formeterol
fumerate
Symbicort®
Refer to Side Effects of each component

flucticasone propionate + salmeterol xinofate
Advair Diskus®

Leukotriene Modifiers: Oral Anti-inflammatory
zafirlukast
Accolate®
headache
nausea
diarrhea
infection
zileuton
Zyflo®

montelukast
Singulair®

Methylxanthine: Oral Bronchodilators
Relax and open airways; stimulate diaphragm and breathing
theophylline
Aerolate® III
Aerolate® JR
Aerolate® SR
Choledyl® SA
Elixophyllin®
Quibron® - T
Quibron® - T/SR
Slo-bid®
Slo-Phyllin®
Theo-24®
Theochron®
Theo-Dur®
Theolair®
Theolair® SR
T-Phyl®
Uni-Dur®
Uniphyl®
stomach upset
nausea & vomiting
restlessness
rapid heart rate
wakefulness
irritability
dizziness
palpitations
Mast Cell Stabilizers: Inhaled Anti-inflammatory
May be used before exposure to known trigger
cromolyn sodium
Intal®
increased coughing
wheezing or shortness of breath
Side Effects that usually do not require medical attention unless they persist:
coughing
skin rash/itching
headache
sore throat
nausea
abdominal pain
nedocromil sodium
Tilade®

Corticosteroids: Oral Anti-inflammatory
Most potent
dexamethasone
Decadron®
Deltasone®
decreased or blurred vision
frequent urination
skin rash
increased thirst
mood changes
poorly controlled hypertension and diabetes
long-term use predisposes to fractures, cataracts, and GI ulcers
Side Effects that usually do not require medical attention unless they persist (may appear and then
go away during treatment):
increase in appetite
insomnia
nervousness
restlessness
Prednisone
Orasone®

Subcutaneous Injection
Monoclonal Antibody
Blocks IgE, a major mediator of allergic reactions
Omalizumab
Xolair
The most common side effects in patients who received XOLAIR in clinical studies are listed below. This is not a complete list of all side effects reported with XOLAIR.
Injection-site reaction
Viral infections
Upper respiratory tract infection
Sinusitis
Headache
Sore throat
Possible Side Effects listed for each medication is not complete (i.e. does not list every possible side effect), check with your Doctor or Pharmacist.

Asthma Tip Sheet
June 2001
Espanol
If you or someone you love sometimes has trouble breathing because of asthma, you may feel powerless to prevent the wheezing, coughing, or gasping symptoms that can appear to "come out of nowhere."

Limit Exposure to Triggers
Fortunately, because asthma symptoms are usually caused, or triggered, by a specific factor or combination of factors, you can help control asthma by understanding these triggers and limiting exposure to them.
Allergies to pollens, mold, pets, and other things in your environment
Air pollution such as tobacco smoke, high ozone levels, and traffic fumes
Emotions, including fear, crying, and laughing
Exercise, especially when it leads to overexertion or in cold weather
Household irritants, including dust, cleaning products, and perfume
Illnesses such as a cold or respiratory infection
Medications, including some over-the-counter pain relievers
Weather, particularly wind and cold air
Triggers vary widely among people with asthma, but there are a number of common ones.Talk to your doctor about the possible triggers listed above, and any others you think might be making your (or your loved one's) asthma worse.
For more comprehensive information about asthma triggers, visit the Asthma Index on this web site.
Important Information About Pain Relievers
Because some pain relievers can trigger asthma symptoms, it's important for someone with asthma to talk to a doctor before selecting an over-the-counter product for common aches, pains, and fever. The two major types of over-the-counter pain relievers are:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also called NSAIDs, including aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium
Acetaminophen, the medicine in TYLENOL®.
There still remains much to be researched about the link between asthma and all pain relievers. Studies have shown that up to 20% of people with asthma may be sensitive to aspirin and other NSAIDs. Asthma guidelines from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommend that people with asthma use acetaminophen, as directed, instead of NSAIDs, such as aspirin. But when deciding which over-the-counter pain reliever is right for you, talk to your doctor.
Brought to you by McNeil Consumer Healthcare, the maker of TYLENOL ®. The American Lung Association® and McNeil Consumer Healthcare are working together to promote asthma education. The American Lung Association does not endorse products.

Home Control of Asthma & Allergies
November 2002

Air Particles We Breathe
Asthma and Allergy "triggers"
Outdoor Air, Indoor Air and Air-Conditioning
Trigger Controls
General Rules To Help
The Airborne Allergy Profiler™ - Help With Treatment Decisions
AIR PARTICLES WE BREATHE
Many particles of different types and sizes are carried in the air we breathe. Some large particles may settle on the walls and furniture in your home. Other large particles are removed by your nose and mouth when you inhale. Smaller particles are breathed deep into the lungs.
Asthma may be triggered by both the large and small particles. Some air particles come from the indoors. Others are carried in the outdoor air. Outdoor particles come into your home through windows, doors, and heating systems.
For most people, the indoor air particles cause no problems. But people with allergic symptoms including asthma can have problems, right in their own home.
Back To Top

ASTHMA AND ALLERGY "TRIGGERS"
If you or someone you know have allergic symptoms or asthma, you are sensitive to "triggers," including particles carried in the air. These "triggers" can set off a reaction in your lungs and other parts of your body. Triggers can be found indoors or outdoors. They can be simple things like:
Cold air.
Tobacco smoke and wood smoke.
Perfume, paint, hair spray, or any strong odors or fumes.
Allergens (particles that cause allergies) such as dust mites, pollen, molds, pollution, and animal dander - tiny scales or particles that fall off hair, feathers or skin - and saliva from any pets.
Common cold, influenza, and other respiratory illnesses.
You may be able to add more triggers to this list. Other things may also trigger your asthma or allergies. It's important to learn which triggers are a problem for you. Ask your doctor to help. Your doctor my suggest:
Keeping an asthma diary.
Skin testing to test for allergies.
Finding triggers isn't always easy. If you do know your triggers, cutting down exposure to them may help avoid asthma and allergy attacks.
If you don't know your triggers, try to limit your exposure to one suspected trigger at a time. Watch to see if you get better. This may show you if the trigger was a problem for you.
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OUTDOOR AIR, INDOOR AIR AND AIR-CONDITIONING
Controlling your exposure to triggers outdoors is hard. You may have to avoid outdoor air pollution, pollen, and mold spores. Any time air pollution and pollen levels are high, it's a good idea to stay indoors.
The air at home is easier to control. Some people with asthma and allergies notice tAhat their symptoms get worse at night. Trigger controls in the bedroom or wherever you sleep need the most care.
Air-conditioning can help. It allows windows and doors to stay closed. This keeps some pollen and mold spores outside. It also lowers indoor humidity. Low humidity helps to control mold and dust mites.
Avoid too much air-conditioning or too much heat. Room air temperature should be comfortable for someone with allergies or asthma. Some people can't tolerate a big change in temperature, particularly from warm to cold air.
There are some devices that effectively remove particles from air. Their usefulness in reducing allergy symptoms is under study.
Back To Top
TRIGGER CONTROLS
Here are some common triggers and some ways to help control them at home:

Tobacco Smoke
Smoke should not be allowed in the home of someone with asthma or allergies. Ask family members and friends to smoke outdoors. Suggest that they quit smoking. Your local American Lung Association can help. Ask your Lung Association how you can help a family member or friend quit smoking.
Wood Smoke
Wood smoke is a problem for children and adults with asthma and allergies. Avoid wood stoves and fireplaces.
Pets
Almost all pets can cause allergies, including dogs, cats and especially small animals like birds, hamsters and guinea pigs. All pets should be removed from the home if pets trigger asthma and allergy symptoms.
Pet allergen may stay in the home for months after the pet is gone because it remains in house dust. Allergy and asthma symptoms may take some time to get better.
If the pet stays in the home, keep it out of the bedroom of anyone with asthma or allergies. Weekly pet baths may help cut down the amount of pet saliva and dander in the home.
Sometimes you hear that certain cats or dogs are "non-allergenic." There really is no such thing as a "non-allergenic" cat or dog, especially if the pet leaves dander and saliva in the home. Goldfish and other tropical fish may be a good substitute.
Cockroaches
Even cockroaches can cause problems, so it's important to get rid of roaches in your home. Small pieces of dead roaches and roach droppings settle in house dust and can end up in the air you breathe.
Like humans, roaches need food and water and a place to live. Help keep your home roach free by storing food in sealable containers and keeping crumbs, dirty dishes and other sources of food waste cleaned up; fixing leacks and wiping up standing water; and cleaning up clutter where roaches find shelter.
If you still have problems and you have to choose a pesticide, be sure to use it safely, and as directed on the label. Baits are less likely than sprays or foggers to harm your lungs.
Indoor Mold
When humidity is high, molds can be a problem in bathrooms, kitchens, and basements. Make sure these areas have good air circulation and are cleaned often. The basement in particular may need a dehumidifier. And remember, the water in the dehumidifier must be emptied and the container cleaned often to prevent forming mildew.
Molds may form on foam pillows when you perspire. To prevent mold, wash the pillow every week, dry thoroughly and make sure to change it every year.
Molds also form in houseplants, so check them often. You may have to keep all plants outdoors.
Strong Odors or Fumes
Perfume, room deodorizers, cleaning chemicals, paint, and talcum powder are examples of triggers that must be avoided or kept to very low levels.
Dust Mites
Dust mites are tiny, microscopic spiders usually found in house dust. Several thousand mites can be found in a pinch of dust. Mites are one of the major triggers for people with allergies and asthma. They need the most work to remove.
Following these rules can also help get rid of dust mites:
Put mattresses in allergen-impermeable covers. Tape over the length of the zipper.
Put pillows in allergen-permeable covers. Tape over the length of the zipper. Or wash the pillow every week.
Wash all bedding every week in water that is at least 130 degrees F. Removing the bedspread at night may help.
Don't sleep or lie down on upholstered (stuffed) furniture.
Remove carpeting in the bedroom.
Clean up surface dust as often as possible. Use a damp mop or damp cloth when you clean. Don't use aerosols or spray cleaners in the bedroom. And don't clean the room when someone with asthma or allergies is present.
Window coverings attract dust. Use window shades or curtains made of plastic or other washable material for easy cleaning.
Remove stuffed furniture and stuffed animals (unless the animals can be washed), and anything under the bed.
Closets need extra care. They should hold only needed clothing. Putting clothes pin a plastic garment bag may help. (Do not use the plastic bag that covers dry cleaning).
Dust mites like moisture and high humidity. Cutting down the humidity in your home can cut down the number of mites. A dehumidifier may help.
Air cleaning devices, including portable units and central filtration systems may be helpful in reducing some indoor air pollutants when used with effective source control and ventilation. Ask your doctor for advice about air cleaning devices. If you decide to use one, make sure it removes particles efficiently over an extended period of time and does not produce ozone.
Back To Top
GENERAL RULES TO HELP CONTROL THE HOME ENVIRONMENT
Controlling the home environment is a very important part of asthma and allergy care. Some general rules for home control for all members of the family are:
Reduce or remove as many asthma and allergy triggers from your home as possible.
If possible, use air filters and air conditioners -- and properly maintain them -- to make your home cleaner and more comfortable.
Pay attention to the problem of dust mites. Work hard to control this problem in the bedroom.
Vacuum cleaners with poor filtration and design characteristics release and stir up dust and allergens.
Select a unit with high-efficiency filters such as micro filter or HEPA media, good suction, and sealed construction. Ask for test data from manufacturers to determine the quantity and size of dust particles captured (e.g., 96 % at 1.0 micron or 99.97% at 0.3 micron). Alternately, consider a central vacuum that exhausts particulate outside the home.
Anyone with asthma or allergies may want to avoid vacuuming.
Peak Flow Meters
August 2006
What Is A Peak Flow Meter?
Who Can Benefit From Using A Peak Flow Meter?
Why Should I Measure My Peak Flow Rate?
How Do You Use A Peak Flow Meter?
How Do I Chart My Peak Flow Rates?
What Is A "Normal" Peak Flow Rate?
When Should I Use My Peak Flow Meter?
How Can I Determine A "Normal" Peak Flow Rate For Me?
Management Plan Based On Peak Flow Readings
Does Using A Peak Flow Meter Have Any Side Effects?
Ideas To Review

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WHAT IS A PEAK FLOW METER?
A peak flow meter is a portable, inexpensive, hand-held device used to measure how air flows from your lungs in one "fast blast." In other words, the Meter measures your ability to push air out of your lungs.
Peak flow meters may be provided in two ranges to measure the air pushed out of your lungs. A low range peak flow meter is for small children, and a standard range meter is for older children, teenagers and adults. An adult has much larger airways than a child and needs the larger range.
There are several types of peak flow meters available. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which type to use.

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WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM USING A PEAK FLOW METER?
Many doctors believe that people who have asthma can benefit from the use of a peak flow meter. If you need to adjust your daily medication for asthma, a peak flow meter can be an important part of your asthma management plan.
Children as young as three years have been able to use a meter to help manage their asthma. In addition, some people with chronic bronchitis and emphysema may also benefit from the use of a peak flow meter.
Not all physicians use peak flow meters in their management of children and adults with asthma. Many doctors believe a peak flow meter may be of most help for people with moderate and severe asthma. If your asthma is mild or you do not use daily medication, a peak flow meter may not be useful for asthma management.

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WHY SHOULD I MEASURE MY PEAK FLOW RATE?
Measurements with a peak flow meter can help you and your doctor monitor your asthma. These measurements can be important and help your doctor prescribe medicines to keep your asthma in control.
A peak flow meter can show you that you may need to change the way you are using your medicines. For example, peak flow readings may help be a signal for you to implement the medication plan you and your doctor have developed for worsening asthma.
On the other hand, if you are doing well, then measuring your peak flow may be helpful as you and your doctor try to lower the level of your medicines.
A peak flow meter can help you when your asthma is getting worse. Asthma sometimes changes gradually. Your peak flow may show changes before you feel them. It can allow your doctor to adjust your treatment to prevent urgent calls to the doctor, emergency room visits or hospitalizations.
A peak flow meter may help you and your doctor identify causes of your asthma at work, home or play. It may help parents to determine what might be triggering their child's asthma.
A peak flow meter can also be used during an asthma episode. It can help you determine the severity of the episode; decide when to use your rescue medication; and decide when to seek emergency care.
Knowing your "personal" peak flow Rate allows you to elevate your readings. Being at your "best" can provide reassurance and make you feel more self-confident.

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HOW DO YOU USE A PEAK FLOW METER?
Step 1: Before each use, make sure the sliding marker or arrow on the Peak Flow Meter is at the bottom of the numbered scale (zero or the lowest number on the scale).
Step 2: Stand up straight. Remove gum or any food from your mouth. Take a deep breath (as deep as you can). Put the mouthpiece of the peak flow meter into your mouth. Close your lips tightly around the mouthpiece. Be sure to keep your tongue away from the mouthpiece. In one breath blow out as hard and as quickly as possible. Blow a "fast hard blast" rather than "slowly blowing" until you have emptied out nearly all of the air from your lungs.
Step 3: The force of the air coming out of your lungs causes the marker to move along the numbered scale. Note the number on a piece of paper.
Step 4: Repeat the entire routine three times. (You know you have done the routine correctly when the numbers from all three tries are very close together.)
Step 5: Record the highest of the three ratings. Do not calculate an average. This is very important.
You can't breathe out too much when using your peak flow meter but you can breathe out too little. Record your highest reading.
Step 6: Measure your peak flow rate close to the same time each day. You and your doctor can determine the best times. One suggestion is to measure your peak flow rate twice daily between 7and 9 a.m. and between 6 and 8 p.m.
You may want to measure your peak flow rate before or after using your medicine. Some people measure peak flow both before and after taking medication. Try to do it the same way each time.
Step 7: Keep a chart of your peak flow rates. Discuss the readings with your doctor.

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HOW DO I CHART MY PEAK FLOW RATES?
Chart the HIGHEST of the three readings. The chart could include the date at the top of the page with AM and PM listed. The left margin could list a scale, starting with zero (0) liters per minute (L/min) at the bottom of the page and ending with 600 L/min at the top.
You could leave room at the bottom of the page for notes to describe how you are feeling or to list any other thoughts you may have.

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WHAT IS A "NORMAL" PEAK FLOW RATE?
A "normal" peak flow rate is based on a person's age, height, sex and race. A standardized "normal" may be obtained from a chart comparing the patient with a population without breathing problems.
A personal best normal may be obtained from measuring the patient's own peak flow rate. Therefore, it is important for you and your doctor to discuss what is considered "normal" for you.
Once you have learned your usual and expected peak flow rate, you will be able to better recognize changes or trends.

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HOW CAN I DETERMINE A "NORMAL" PEAK FLOW RATE FOR ME?
Three zones of measurement are commonly used to interpret peak flow rates. It is easy to relate the three zones to the traffic light colors: green, yellow, and red. In general, a normal peak flow rate can vary as much as 20 percent.
Be aware of the following general guidelines. Keep in mind that recognizing changes from "normal" is important. Your doctor may suggest other zones to follow.
Green Zone:
80 to 100 percent of your usual or "normal" peak flow rate signals all clear. A reading in this zone means that your asthma is under reasonably good control. It would be advisable to continue your prescribed program of management.
Yellow Zone:
50 to 80 percent of your usual or "normal" peak flow rate signals caution. It is a time for decisions. Your airways are narrowing and may require extra treatment. Your symptoms can get better or worse depending on what you do, or how and when you use your prescribed medication. You and your doctor should have a plan for yellow zone readings.
Red Zone:
Less than 50 percent of your usual or "normal" peak flow rate signals a Medical Alert. Immediate decisions and actions need to be taken. Severe airway narrowing may be occurring. Take your rescue medications right away. Contact your doctor now and follow the plan he has given you for red zone readings.
Some doctors may suggest zones with a smaller range such as 90 to 100 percent. Always follow your doctor's suggestions about your peak flow rate.

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MANAGEMENT PLAN BASED ON PEAK FLOW READINGS
It is important to know your peak flow reading, but it is even more important to know what you will do based upon that reading. Work with your doctor to develop an asthma management plan that follows your green-yellow-red zone guidelines.
Record the peak flow readings that your doctor recommends for your green zone, yellow zone, and red zone. Then work out with your doctor what you plan to do when your peak flow falls in each of those zones.

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WHEN SHOULD I USE MY PEAK FLOW METER?
Use of the peak flow meter depends on a number of things. Its use should be discussed with your doctor.
If your asthma is well controlled and you know the "normal" rate for you, you may decide to measure your peak flow rate only when you sense that your asthma is getting worse. More severe asthma may require several measurements daily.
Don't forget that your peak flow meter needs care and cleaning. Dirt collected in the meter may make your peak flow measurements inaccurate. If you have a cold or other respiratory infection, germs or mucus may also collect in the meter.
Proper cleaning with mild detergent in hot water will keep your peak flow meter working accurately and may keep you healthier.

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DOES USING A PEAK FLOW METER HAVE ANY SIDE EFFECTS?
A peak flow meter is not a medicine. It has no major side effects. Sometimes pushing the air out of your lungs in a "fast blast" may cause you to cough or wheeze.
Check with your doctor before you start using a peak flow meter.
Using the meter is as simple as taking a deep breath and blowing out a candle. If used properly, it can only help.
You must realize that measuring peak flow is only one step in a program to manage asthma. Its importance must not be exaggerated or over-interpreted.
Using a peak flow meter is not a substitute for regular medical care. Ask your doctor to help you understand your peak flow measurements.

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IDEAS TO REVIEW
Now you are aware of some of the techniques for using and caring for peak flow meters. You also know how Meters may help manage asthma and other breathing problems.
Discuss the use of a peak flow meter with your doctor. Make measuring your peak flow rate a part of your personal asthma management program.

Asthma in adults: Gain control with a written plan
Managing asthma in adults can be complicated. Make it easier with a written action plan. Here's help getting started.
Take charge of your asthma by carefully monitoring your symptoms to see if your asthma is under control — and knowing exactly what steps to take when it isn't. Remember: Even though health professionals play a critical role in managing your asthma, you are the most important member of your "asthma team." The key to asthma control is daily monitoring and taking the right medication at the right time. When you have asthma:
You may need to take a number of medications at different times to control your symptoms
You may need to take peak flow readings to monitor how well your lungs are working
You must be prepared for quick action at the first sign of an asthma attack
How do you juggle these responsibilities? Get the instructions in writing. Having a clear written plan can reduce anxiety and help you control your asthma symptoms — instead of your symptoms controlling you.
What a written plan can do for you
Monitoring your asthma with a written plan is important for anyone with asthma, but even more so if you have moderate to severe persistent asthma or you have had serious asthma flare-ups (exacerbations). A written plan can help you:
Quickly recognize early warning signs of an asthma attack
Know when to adjust asthma medications
Keep tabs on how well treatment is working
Know when to call a doctor or seek emergency help
Creating an asthma action plan
Work with your doctor to develop a written asthma action plan, including step-by-step instructions for preventing and handling asthma attacks.
The action plan tells you how to prevent and treat asthma attacks based on certain signs, symptoms and measurements using a peak flow meter. Although formats vary, most action plans include clear instructions to help you:
Manage your medications. List your asthma medications and when to take them — including daily control medications and as-needed rescue medications. Make sure you know what medications you have on hand, where they are and how to use them. If you have a nebulizer to administer medication in mist form, the asthma action plan should include instructions for when to use it.
Take action based on symptoms and peak flow readings. A peak flow meter can help you monitor how well your lungs are working from day to day. If your peak flow rate drops, use the action plan to adjust your medication. Peak flow readings are a useful tool for quickly recognizing early signs of an asthma flare-up.
Recognize an asthma attack. When you're on the lookout for warning signs — such as coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath — you can take prompt action at the first sign of an attack. Follow the action plan's instructions for using quick-relief medications and other drugs meant for more serious attacks.
Know when to seek emergency care. Some attacks can't be managed at home. Use the action plan to recognize the signs of rapidly worsening asthma, such as lips and nails turning blue or difficulty speaking.
Organize contact information. List the doctor's phone number, emergency phone numbers and the location of the nearest emergency room.
Avoid your asthma triggers. The action plan also may have a place to list your asthma triggers — such as pollen, dust mites, mold, exercise, pet dander, smoke and respiratory infections — and tips for avoiding or minimizing your exposure to them.
Work with your doctor to tailor a plan based on your needs.
Sample Adult Asthma Action Plan (PDF file requiring Adobe Reader)
Looking ahead
Once you and your doctor have developed your written asthma plan, keep it in a safe place. Share your plan with a family member or friend who can help you during an emergency. In addition, keep a copy in your wallet or purse in case an asthma attack occurs away from home.
Meet with your doctor on a regular basis to review your action plan and revise it as needed, even if you aren't having any trouble managing your asthma. Although asthma can be controlled, symptoms change over time — requiring adjustments to treatment. Regular doctor visits can help make sure you're getting the treatment you need. These checkups are also a good time to reassess self-management skills, such as using your medications correctly and monitoring peak flow.
Think of the plan as a tool that can help you achieve the best asthma control possible. Following your plan is the best way to improve your lung function and stay out of the hospital — and in control of your asthma.
Asthma: 3 steps to better asthma control
By using a three-step approach to asthma management, you can keep your symptoms at bay, reduce flare-ups and prevent complications.
When it comes to controlling your asthma symptoms, one size does not fit all. Everyone with asthma suffers from inflammation and airway constriction, but symptoms are different for each person — and can change over time. Work with your doctor to master the three steps to better asthma control:
Track your symptoms. Keep an asthma symptom diary. At each visit, talk to your doctor about how severe your symptoms are and if they've changed since your last appointment.
Check your lung function. Use lung function tests to assess how well you can breathe.
Adjust your treatment. Based on your symptoms and lung function tests, you and your doctor can make changes to your treatment if needed.
Track your symptoms
our symptoms
Keep track of your asthma symptoms every day so that you and your doctor can review them at each appointment and adjust your treatment. Keep a written record of:
Increased shortness of breath or wheezing (a whistling sound produced during exhalation)
Disturbed sleep caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
Chest tightness or pain
Increased need to use a quick-relief inhaler containing a short-acting bronchodilator — a medication that opens airways by relaxing the surrounding muscles
Decreased productivity at work, school, or at home due to asthma symptoms
Increased asthma symptoms during exercise
To help control your asthma symptoms, you and your doctor may also use a common rating system based on the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines for grading asthma severity. This system uses four levels, based on two things that you can record in your asthma symptom diary:
How often and when you have symptoms
Your lung function test results
Where you fall on the asthma rating scale may change over time and with treatment. Assign yourself to the most severe category in which you currently have symptoms. For example, even though your symptoms may be generally mild, if you have serious flare-ups, you may have a more severe rating.
Severity Frequency of general symptoms Frequency of symptoms at night Flare-ups (exacerbations)
Mild intermittent Two times a week or less Two times a month or less Brief (a few hours to a few days) with varying intensity
Mild persistent Two times a week or more — but less than one time each day More than two times a month May be severe enough to restrict physical activity
Moderate persistent Daily, often accompanied by daily use of rescue inhaler More than one time a week Twice a week or more, possibly severe enough to restrict physical activity
Severe persistent Continual, with limited physical activity Frequent Frequent
Check your lung function
Lung function (pulmonary) tests can help you and your doctor judge how well you are controlling your asthma and may ward off flare-ups. One test you can use at home to keep track of how well you can breath. Another test you'll have during doctor visits.
Peak flow meter. By learning how to use a peak flow meter, you can help detect subtle changes in your airways before you notice symptoms. Your doctor can give you instructions on how to deal with low readings and prevent a flare up.A peak flow meter can be used at home to measure how well you can force air out of your lungs. It helps detect subtle narrowing of the airways before you notice symptoms. If the readings are lower than usual, it's a sign your asthma may be about to flare up. Your doctor can adjust your treatment based on the readings. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) tells you the fastest rate at which you force air out of your lungs.
Spirometer. A spirometer is used by a medical professional to measure narrowing of your bronchial tubes. This device measures the volume of air you can exhale after you've taken a deep breath. A spirometer also shows how quickly you can get air out of your lungs. This measurement is called forced expiratory volume-1 (FEV-1). Your doctor compares the result with the predicted result for people of the same age, sex, race and height who don't have asthma. This comparison is expressed as a percentage. Lower percentages indicate less lung power.
Here's how lung function measurements correspond to different grades of asthma severity:
Level of severity Forced expiratory volume-1 (FEV-1) or peak expiratory flow (PEF)
Mild intermittent At least 80%
Mild persistent At least 80%
Moderate persistent 60% - 80%
Severe persistent 60% or less
Adjust your treatment
By evaluating your symptoms and measuring your lung function, your doctor can decide how well your treatment is working.
Your doctor may suggest a change in treatment if:
Your current medications are not controlling your asthma as well as possible
Your medications are causing troublesome side effects
You're using a quick-relief inhaler ("rescue" medication) too often
If you have persistent asthma, whether it's mild, moderate or severe, you're likely to need long-term control medications. Used properly, these medications can reduce or eliminate your need to use a quick-relief inhaler. These medications treat the underlying cause of asthma — inflammation — which leads to airway constriction that causes asthma signs and symptoms. The most effective long-term medications include:
Inhaled corticosteroids. Examples include fluticasone (Flovent), budesonide (Pulmicort) and triamcinolone (Azmacort).
Inhaled, long-acting beta-2 agonists. Examples include salmeterol (Serevent) or formoterol (Foradil).
A combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists. This approach requires using two inhalers or a combination inhaler such as Advair.
Leukotriene modifiers. These drugs are taken in pill form, either alone or in conjunction with an inhaled corticosteroid. Examples include montelukast (Singulair) and zafirlukast (Accolate).
Cromolyn (Intal) and nedocromil (Tilade). These medications, taken by inhalation, are sometimes used to treat mild persistent asthma.
Theophylline (Uniphyl). This drug is taken in pill form, either alone or in conjunction with an inhaled corticosteroid. Although guidelines include it as an alternative to a long-acting beta-2 agonist in mild persistent and moderate persistent asthma, theophylline is rarely used in children.
Oral corticosteroids. In some cases, severe asthma may require additional treatment with an oral corticosteroid such as prednisone or methylprednisolone.
Following is a summary of treatment recommendations for different levels of asthma severity for people ages 6 through adult. Younger children may need different treatment.
Level of severity Preferred method Alternative method
Mild intermittent Short-acting bronchodilator as needed; no daily medication; for severe attacks, oral, injected or intravenous corticosteroids recommended None
Mild persistent Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids; short-acting bronchodilator as needed Cromolyn, leukotriene modifier, nedocromil, or sustained-release theophylline
Moderate persistent Medium-dose inhaled corticosteroids or low- to medium-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting beta-2 agonists; short-acting bronchodilator as needed Low- to medium-dose inhaled corticosteroids and either leukotriene modifier or theophylline
Severe persistent High-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-2 agonists plus (if needed) oral corticosteroids Omalizumab (Xolair) injections
Use the three-step approach to asthma treatment
Track your symptoms, monitor your lung function and work with your doctor to adjust your treatment as needed. For treatment to work as well as possible, carefully follow your treatment plan. Keep a daily, written record of symptoms, triggers and medications. Go to every scheduled appointment, and talk with your doctor about your asthma at every visit. Asthma cannot be cured, but careful management can help you avoid asthma attacks and keep symptoms under control.
"Each person with asthma reacts differently to medication, the environment, triggers, and changing allergens that affect symptoms," says James Li, M.D., an asthma and allergy specialist at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., and the lead author of national asthma treatment guidelines. "Assessing these factors requires strong communication between you and your doctor on an ongoing basis to determine whether changes in treatment should be made."

MY HOSTEL

2008-05-19T05:50:00.000-07:00

India’s Role in Tackling Climate Change.

2007-12-26T01:06:00.000-08:00

observing World Environment Day, the Government announced the setting up of the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change. The high-level advisory body has been constituted to “coordinate National action plans for assessment, adaptation and mitigation of climate change”. The move comes at a crucial juncture after the Inter-Government Panel on Climate Change had submitted its Fourth Assessment Report in April, 2007; the G8 summit to be held later this month is also expected to deal extensively on the issue.

“Climate Change”, a term used in the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCC), pre-supposes an involvement of the human element in contributing to, say, a specific instance like global warming. India, with its significant population count is no doubt a contributor, albeit lesser in degree, to greenhouse gas emissions, industrial and automobile fuel-pollutants and consequently, to global warming. Furthermore, it is extremely critical that the ideal of sustainable development be attained as the problem of rapidly vanishing forest belts (along with it, natural resources of water, minerals etc) in India cannot be ignored anymore.Ours being an agrarian economy, climate change is of all the more concern in that ever-rising temperatures and depleting irrigation sources can be fatal to the agro-sector.

The PM’s Council, therefore, has a significant role in shaping the future course of activities to tackle the problem of climate change. GreenhouseGases Online has annexed a very informative slideshow on Climate Change Mitigation and the Kyoto Protocol on their website. The Presentation may be viewed here: www.ghgonline.org/sacpress2003/mitigatekyoto/sld001.htm

Contempt of Court: the Mid-day case

2007-12-26T00:57:00.001-08:00

The Supreme Court has stayed the Contempt of Court sentences of the four mid-day journalists. This comes as good news to those who thought the Delhi High Court acted in a hasty manner in passing sentences on those who published allegations against former Chief Justice YK Sabharwal once he had retired from office, even still when they had proof of the same.

The Delhi High Court judgment is a fascinating read. It is evident of the extent to which our Courts can go to protect themselves from any allegations. The judgment may be seen here

I wonder what is going to happen to free speech in this Country with the Courts taking such a stand.

Reviewing the Shah Bano Legacy.

2007-12-26T00:45:00.000-08:00

On June 5, the Supreme Court of India in a significant ruling, held that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 would not hinder a divorced Muslim woman’s right to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
Prior to delving into the importance of this judgment, it is imperative that the gamut of events, triggered with the Shah Bano verdict, be explained. In 1985, the Supreme Court in Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum, upheld the maintenance claim of Shah Bano, a divorced Muslim woman of 60 years, under S.125 of the CrPC; the Section provides for relieft to a wife (among others), “unable to maintain herself”. However, this judgment created a huge outcry from the Islamic orthodoxy in India. The Rajiv Gandhi-led Government in power, passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, to appease the outraged sentiments. The Act, quite ironically, curtailed the rights of Muslim women rather than protecting them. It limited the Muslim husband’s responsibility to maintain his divorced wife to the period of iddat. Over the past decade, the Act has challenged over various grounds of Constitutional validity. The apex Court’s decision in Daniel Latifi v. Union of India was instrumental in clearing the fog of confusion. The Court in that instance, gave a liberal interpretation of the Act,(specifically S. 3(1)) in so far as the “fair and reasonable” provisions to the divorced Muslim woman shall include maintenance for her future extending beyond the iddat period.
Earlier this month, the two judge-bench comprising Justic Arijit Pasayat and D.K. Jain in the case of Iqbal Bano v. State of Uttar Pradesh overruled the Allahabd High Court’s order on the same matter; the H.C had held that the divorced wife is not entitled to maintenance under the CrPC in lieu of the existing Act of 1986. There were questions raised as to whether the divorce effected was proper; to which the Court answered in the negative. While the Act only deals with divorced women the CrPC, in the opinion of the Hon’ble Court, is of broader ambit. A relevant passage from the judgment is quoted below:

SITUATION IN NANDIGRAM

2007-11-13T00:22:00.000-08:00

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/03/070316_analysis_nandigram.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/04/070401_nandigram_violence.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/11/071113_nandigram_update.shtml

http://newsforums.bbc.co.uk/ws/thread.jspa?forumID=4618

quotes

2007-11-12T23:35:00.000-08:00

"We hang the petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office." (aesop)

"If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts." (ALBERT AINSTEIN)

Look not mournfully into the past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy future, without fear (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow )

Train yourself to let go of the things you fear to lose. (George Lucas )

Talent is nothing but a prolonged period of attention and shortened period of mental assimilation. (Konstantin Stanislavsky )

2007-10-24T09:17:00.000-07:00

Theo van Gogh
Born
23, 1957(1957-07-23)The Hague, Netherlands
Died
November 2, 2004 (aged 47)Amsterdam, Netherlands Murdered
Occupation
Film director
Religious stance
Atheist
Children
Lieuwe (born 1992)
Website
http://www.theovangogh.nl/

Life
Part of a series on Controversies related to Islam and Muslims
Criticism
Islam Muhammad Qur'an
Issues
Apostasy in Islam Dhimmi Eurabia Islam and antisemitism Islamism Islamophobia Islamist terrorism Persecution of Muslims Qutbism Women in Muslim societies
Notable critics
Afshin Ellian Ayaan Hirsi Ali Ahmad Kasravi Daniel Pipes Ibn Warraq Philippe de Villiers Robert Spencer Theo van Gogh
Muslims
List of Guantánamo Bay detainees Moazzam Begg Osama bin Laden

Events since 2001
September 11, 2001 attacks Guantanamo Bay detention camp Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons Qur'an desecration controversy 2005 beheadings of Christian girls CPT hostage crisis Fox journalists kidnapping Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Egyptian ID card controversy Flying Imams controversy French headscarf ban Imam Rapito affair Knighthood of Salman Rushdie Pope Benedict XVI controversy Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings
v • d • e
Theo Van Gogh was born in The Hague. His great-grandfather was art dealer Theo van Gogh, brother of Vincent van Gogh. His father, Johan van Gogh, was a member of the Dutch secret service ('AIVD', then called 'BVD'). Theo's uncle, also named Theo, was executed as a resistance fighter during the German occupation.
After dropping out of law school, Theo van Gogh became a stage manager. His self proclaimed passion was the making of movies, and he debuted as a director with the movie Luger (1981). He received a Gouden Kalf ("Golden Calf", the Dutch equivalent of the Oscar) for Blind Date (1996) and In het belang van de staat ("In the Interest of the State", 1997). For the latter, he also received a "Certificate of Merit" from the San Francisco International Film Festival. As an actor he appeared in the production De noorderlingen ("The Northerners", 1992). After that, he worked for television and wrote provocative columns for Metro and other newspapers.
Van Gogh was a writer of polemic prose. His often aggressive tone and personal animosities got him involved in a number of public lawsuits against other writers and public figures, and got him fired as a columnist at a succession of magazines and periodicals. This forced him to seek refuge at his own website, called De Gezonde Roker ("The Healthy Smoker").[1] The site's name, which is also the title of one of his books, was an allusion to his notorious chain smoking and to the 'politically correct' negative stance towards smoking in society. In general, Van Gogh had a strongly nihilistic outlook on life, as displayed by episodes of heavy drinking, his open use of the drug cocaine and a cynical view of love relationships. (Later on in life, he would adopt a healthier lifestyle, for the sake of his son, he explained.)
Although he seemed to enjoy his life, he said he would not mind dying, if it were not for his young son, Lieuwe van Gogh. His last book (2003) was Allah weet het beter ("Allah Knows Best") in which, in his typical cynical, mocking tone, he presented his views on Islam. He was a well-known critic of Islam, especially after the September 11, 2001 attacks. He supported the nomination of the liberal (former PvdA Labour Party), Somalian-born female politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali for Dutch parliament.

[edit] Political views
Van Gogh was a member of the Dutch republican society Republikeins Genootschap which advocates the abolition of the Dutch monarchy, and a friend and supporter of the controversial Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn who was assassinated in 2002. He was also a staunch supporter of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although he revised his stance to a more neutral one in 2004.

[edit] Controversial statements
Although Van Gogh was known as a friendly, tolerant character in person, in the 1980s, he became a newspaper columnist, and through the years he used his columns to vent his anger at politicians, actors, film directors, writers and other people he considered to be part of "the establishment".
He incurred the anger of leading members of the Jewish community by making comments about what he saw as the Jewish preoccupation with Auschwitz. This quote from a 1991 magazine interview is a typical example of such commentary. Van Gogh explained a "smell of caramel" by stating that "today they're only burning diabetic Jews". When he was criticized by the Jewish historian Evelien Gans, he wrote in Folia Civitatis magazine: "I suspect that Ms. Gans gets wet dreams about being fucked by Dr Mengele." He also expressed the wish that she would sue him so that she would have to explain in court why his remarks were false.
Van Gogh rejected every form of religion. In the late 1990s he started to focus on Islam. He caused widespread resentment in the Muslim community by consistently referring to them as geitenneukers (goat-fuckers). Although it is not clear whether Van Gogh actually coined the term geitenneukers, he certainly popularised it. He felt strongly that political Islam is an increasing threat to liberal western societies, and said that, if he'd been younger, he would have emigrated to the U.S.A., which he considered to be a beacon of light in a darkening world.
One of the few politicians who seemed to be exempt from Van Gogh's criticisms was the conservative leader Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated in 2002. Van Gogh usually referred to him as the divine baldhead. After the death of Fortuyn, Van Gogh continued attacking the remaining members of the Lijst Pim Fortuyn as he did other politicians. His political idol from then on was Ayaan Hirsi Ali.

[edit] The film Submission
Working from a script written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, van Gogh created the 10-minute movie Submission. The movie deals with the topic of violence against women in Islamic societies; telling the stories of four abused Muslim women. The title itself, "Submission", is the translation of the word "Islam" into English. In the film, women's naked bodies are veiled with semi-transparent shrouds as they kneel in prayer, telling their stories as if they are speaking to Allah. Qur'anic verses unfavourable to women are projected onto their bodies in Arabic. After the movie was released in 2004, both van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats. Van Gogh did not take these very seriously and refused any protection, reportedly telling Ayaan Hirsi Ali: "Who would want to kill the village idiot?"[citation needed]

[edit] Van Gogh's murder

Place where Van Gogh was assassinated

Demonstration at the Dam square after Van Gogh was assassinated

Demonstrators
Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated van Gogh in the early morning of Tuesday November 2, 2004, in Amsterdam, in front of the Amsterdam East borough office (stadsdeelkantoor) on the corner of the Linnaeusstraat and Tweede Oosterparkstraat, while he was bicycling to work. He shot him eight times with an HS 2000 handgun, and Van Gogh died on the spot. Bouyeri then cut van Gogh's throat, nearly decapitating him, and stabbed him in the chest. Two knives were left implanted in his torso, one attaching a five-page note to his body. The note (Text) threatened Western governments, Jews and Ayaan Hirsi Ali (who went into hiding). The note also contained references to the ideologies of the Egyptian organization Takfir wal-Hijra.
The killer, Mohammed Bouyeri, a 26-year-old Dutch citizen, was apprehended by the police after being shot in the leg. Although born in Amsterdam, well-educated and apparently well-integrated, Bouyeri has alleged terrorist ties with the Dutch Hofstad Network. He was also charged with the attempted murder of a police officer and bystander, illegal possession of a firearm, and conspiring to assassinate others, including Hirsi Ali. He was convicted on July 26, 2005 and sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole.
Imam Fawaz of the as-Sunnah Mosque in The Hague gave a sermon several weeks before the murder in which he called Theo van Gogh, "a 'criminal bastard' and beseech[ed] Allah to visit an incurable disease upon the filmmaker.[1]"
A few days after the assassination, one of Van Gogh's intimate friends delivered an open letter to "Mohammed B. and his friends" on Dutch television.[citation needed]
Van Gogh was cremated on November 9, 2004 in Amsterdam. During the memorial service, Lou Reed's "Perfect Day" was played; a pack of cigarettes and a bottle of liquor were placed on the coffin.

[edit] Aftermath
The day after the murder, Dutch police arrested eight Muslim radicals belonging to a group later referred to as the Hofstad Network. Six detainees were Dutch-Moroccans, one was Dutch-Algerian and one had dual Spanish-Moroccan nationality.
Following the murder, the Dutch Complaints Bureau for Discrimination on the Internet (MDI) received many complaints about websites praising the murder and making death threats against other people.[2]
At the same time, starting with four attempted arson attacks on mosques in the weekend of 5-7 November, a significant number of apparently retaliatory violent incidents and arson attacks took place.[3] The Dutch Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia recorded a total of 106 violent incidents against Muslim targets in November. The National Dutch Police Services Agency (KLPD) recorded 31 occasions of violence against mosques and Islamic schools between 23 November and 13 March 2005.[4] The case that drew most attention was an arson attack that led to the destruction of a Muslim primary school in Uden in December 2004.[5]
By November 8, Christian churches were in turn targeted in vandalism and arson attacks. A report for the Anne Frank Foundation and the University of Leiden, which counted a total of 174 violent incidents in 2-30 November, specifies that mosques were the target of violence 47 times, and churches 13 times.[6]
The murder widened and polarized the debate in the Netherlands about the position of the more than one million Muslims, and how they would be affected. Some Dutch citizens fear that Holland will lose its traditional tolerance and Western liberalism, becoming increasingly influenced by Islamic viewpoints. These fears are fueled by population growth studies and projections that show the Muslim community growing much faster than that of the "autochtonen" (autochthonous Dutch). On the other hand, many Islamic Dutch residents feel discriminated against and singled out. The increasing polarization has led to calls from many religious leaders and politicians for calm and improved communication between the communities.
In an apparent reaction against controversial statements about the Islamic, Christian, and Jewish religions, such as those Theo van Gogh was renowned for, the Dutch Minister of Justice, Christian Democrat Piet Hein Donner, suggested the existing Dutch blasphemy laws should either be applied more stringently or made stricter. This had led to a counter call by the liberal D66 party to scrap the blasphemy laws altogether. This was rejected in parliament by the Dutch Christian parties and the Dutch Labour Party.
Independent Dutch member of parliament Geert Wilders (who was previously forced to leave the right-wing VVD party because of his views) advocated a five-year halt to non-Western immigration in the wake of the murder of Theo van Gogh, stating: "The Netherlands has been too tolerant to intolerant people for too long. We should not import a retarded political Islamic society to our country".[7] In opposition to such anti-Islamist sentiments, campaigns for a kleurrijk Nederland [colorful Netherlands], such as Stop de Hetze were started.
Geert Wilders and Ayaan Hirsi Ali went into hiding for several weeks. They have been under the protection of bodyguards ever since.
Lieuwe van Gogh, Theo van Gogh's son, claims he has been attacked on several occasions by young people of Moroccan and Turkish descent, and that the police did not provide him with any help or protection.[2] The police deny receiving any report of attacks.[3][4]

De Schreeuw (The Scream) Memorial commemorating Theo van Gogh and a symbol of the freedom of speech
On March 18, 2007, a sculpture in memory of Theo van Gogh was unveiled in Amsterdam, De Schreeuw (The Scream). It is located in the Oosterpark, just a short distance from where van Gogh was murdered.

[edit] Van Gogh's murder and Index on Censorship
There was controversy in the English-speaking world after an article was published in the magazine Index on Censorship that to many readers seemed to condone or attempt to justify van Gogh's murder. The article, by the magazine's Associate Editor Rohan Jayasekera, claimed that van Gogh was a "free-speech fundamentalist" who had been on a "martyrdom operation[,] roar[ing] his Muslim critics into silence with obscenities" in an "abuse of his right to free speech". Describing van Gogh's film Submission as "furiously provocative", Jayasekera concluded by describing his death as:
A sensational climax to a lifetime's public performance, stabbed and shot by a bearded fundamentalist, a message from the killer pinned by a dagger to his chest, Theo van Gogh became a martyr to free expression. His passing was marked by a magnificent barrage of noise as Amsterdam hit the streets to celebrate him in the way the man himself would have truly appreciated.
And what timing! Just as his long-awaited biographical film of Pim Fortuyn's life is ready to screen. Bravo, Theo! Bravo![8]
There were many protests from both left- and right-wing commentators at the article, and Nick Cohen of The Observer (London)' wrote in December 2004, that:
When I asked Jayasekera if he had any regrets, he said he had none. He told me that, like many other readers, I shouldn't have made the mistake of believing that Index on Censorship was against censorship, even murderous censorship, on principle -- in the same way as Amnesty International is opposed to torture, including murderous torture, on principle. It may have been so in its radical youth, but was now as concerned with fighting 'hate speech' as protecting free speech.[9]
Nick Cohen's opinion was repudiated by the editor of Index on Censorship in a letter to The Observer.[10] Jayasekera himself has indeed expressed regrets and has put his own case for speaking his mind on Van Gogh's life legacy on the Index website.

[edit] Works

[edit] Publications
Van Gogh contributed to various newspapers and magazines, often leaving these jobs after a quarrel.
He published the following books:
Engel ("Angel", 1990)
Er gebeurt nooit iets ("Nothing Ever Happens", 1993)
Sla ik mijn vrouw wel hard genoeg? ("Do I Beat My Wife Hard Enough?", 1996)
De gezonde roker ("The healthy smoker", 2000)
Allah weet het beter ("Allah Knows Best", 2003)
De tranen van Mabel ("The tears of Mabel", with Tomas Ross, 2004)

[edit] Filmography
Luger (1982)
Een dagje naar het strand ("A Day at the Beach", 1984)
Charley (1986)
Terug naar Oegstgeest ("Back to Oegstgeest", 1987)
Loos ("Wild", 1989)
Vals licht ("Fake Light", 1993)
Ilse verandert de geschiedenis ("Ilse Changes History", 1993)
06 (1994)
Reunie ("Reunion", 1994)
Eva (1994)
Een galerij: De wanhoop van de sirene ("A Gallery: The Despair of the Siren", 1994)
De Eenzame Oorlog Van Koos Tak ("Koos Tak's Lonely War", 1995)
Blind Date (1996)
Hoe ik mijn moeder vermoordde ("How I Killed My Mother", 1996)
In het belang van de staat ("In the Interest of the State", 1997)
Au ("Ouch", 1997)
De Pijnbank ("The Rack", 1998)
Baby Blue (2001)
De nacht van Aalbers ("Aalbers's Night", 2001)
Najib en Julia (2002) television play based on William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet about the love between a white upper-class girl and a pizza delivery man of Moroccan descent.
Interview (2003), cynical journalist interviews society actress.
Zien ("Seeing", 2004)
Submission (2004)
Cool (2004) a film about young offenders, some of them of Moroccan descent. In the movie the offenders play themselves.
06/05 (2004), a film mixing fact and fiction around the assassination of Pim Fortuyn.
Medea (2005), a modern day adaptation of Medea.

[edit] Unfinished projects
Bad (A "lesbian road movie") Production was planned for 2005
Duizend en één Dag ("Thousand and One Days"). A drama series about young Muslims struggling with their faith. Although this project had not even reached preproduction, Van Gogh had already found a broadcaster for the series: Dutch Muslim Broadcasting Organisation NMO

ATROCITIES ON WOMEN

2007-10-23T23:11:00.000-07:00

GANGRAPED & KILLED BY SOLDIERS OF ALLAH

इस्लाम पर फिल्म बनाने वाले की हत्या

2007-10-22T05:56:00.000-07:00

विवादास्पद फिल्मों के लिए जाने जाते थे वैन गॉह
इस्लामी संस्कृति पर विवादास्पद फिल्म बनाने वाले हॉलैंड के फिल्म निर्देशक थियो वैन गॉह की एमस्टरडम में छुरा मारकर ह्त्या कर दी गयी है.
हॉलैंड के पुलिस अधिकारियों ने बताया कि इस मामले में एक व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार किया गया है. वैन गॉह के शरीर पर चाकू के निशान थे और उन्हे गोली भी मारी गयी है.
गॉह ने इस्लामी समाज में महिलाओं के ख़िलाफ होने वाली हिंसा को अपनी फिल्म के ज़रिए लोगों के सामने लाने की कोशिश की थी. जब से 47 वर्षीय गॉह की यह फिल्म डच टेलिविजन पर दिखाई गई, उसके बाद से उन्हें फोन पर जान से मारने की धमकी मिलने लगी थी.
यह फिल्म गॉह ने सोमालिया से भाग कर आयी अयान हिरसी अली के साथ मिलकर बनाई थी. राजनीति में सक्रिय भूमिका निभा रही हिरसी अपने पति का घर छोड़ कर हॉलैंड आयी थी.
जब से फिल्म बनी है उसके बाद से हिरसी को भी धमकी भरे फोन आने लगे थे और वो पुलिस सुरक्षा में हैं. हिरसी ने इस्लाम धर्म भी छोड़ दिया है.

अली की कहानी पर फिल्म थी गॉह की
वैन गॉह की कंपनी ने हॉलैंड की संवाद समिति एएनपी को बताया कि गॉह को गोली मार दी गयी है. इस मामले में गिरफ्तार किए गए संदिग्ध और गिरफ्तार करने वाले पुलिसकर्मी को गोली लगी है और दोनों अस्पताल में हैं.
प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार वैन गॉह के वंशज थियो वैन गॉह ने बाहरी लोगों के हॉलैड में नागरिकत लेने का विरोध करने वाले नेता पिम फोरट्यून पर भी एक फिल्म बना रहे थे.
फिल्म पर विवाद
वैन गॉह की फिल्म " सबमीशन " एक ऐसी मुस्लिम महिला की कहानी है जिसकी जबरन शादी कर दी जाती है. महिला का पति न केवल उसे परेशान करता है बल्कि महिला के चाचा भी उसका बलात्कार करते है.
फिल्म की रिलीज के बाद इस पर हॉलैड में काफी हंगामा हुआ था. हॉलैंड में क़रीब दस लाख मुसलमान रहते हैं जो पूरी आबादी का क़रीब पांच प्रतिशत है.
हॉलैंड के प्रधानमंत्री जैन पीटर बालकेनेंदे ने गॉह की मौत पर कहा कि अगर कोई अपनी राय सामने रखे और उसकी इस तरह से नृशंस हत्या कर दी जाए. सभ्य समाज में इसे बर्दाश्त नहीं किया जा सकता.
संवाद समिति एएफपी के अनुसार हॉलैंड की महारानी बीटरीक्स ने भी इस घटना पर गहरा शोक जताया है.

हॉलैंड में फ़िल्म पर महिलाओं की आपत्ति

फ़िल्म में मुस्लिम महिला पर अत्याचार की कहानी दिखाई गई है
हॉलैंड की महिलाओं ने राष्ट्रीय टेलीविज़न पर प्रसारित उस फ़िल्म को लेकर आपत्ति व्यक्त की है जिसमें एक मुसलमान महिला के बारे में एक काल्पनिक कहानी दिखाई गई है.
फ़िल्म में दिखाया गया है कि उस महिला की शादी ज़ोर-ज़बरदस्ती करके करवाई जाती है.
अंगरेज़ी भाषा में बनी 'सब्मिशन' नाम की इस फ़िल्म की पटकथा एक दक्षिण पंथी राजनीतिज्ञ अयान हिरसी अली ने लिखी है. वह मूल रूप से सोमालिया की नागरिक हैं.
वह ख़ुद इस्लाम से संबंध तोड़ चुकी हैं मगर उनका कहना है कि 11 मिनट की ये फ़िल्म किसी की भावनाएँ भड़काने के लिए नहीं बनाई गई है.
ये फ़िल्म दरअसल एक ऐसी महिला के बारे में है जो घरेलू हिंसा की शिकार है. उसका ही एक संबंधी उससे बलात्कार करता है और फिर अवैध संबंध बनाने के आरोप में उसे बर्बर तरीक़े से सज़ा दी जाती है.
फ़िल्म में उस महिला की भूमिका निभाने वाली कलाकार पर्दे में ही रहती दिखाई गई है जिसके शरीर के कुछ हिस्से ही दिखते हैं न कि चेहरा.
फ़िल्म की निर्देशक अयान हिरसी अली ने कहा कि ये प्रतीकात्मक रूप से ईरान, सोमालिया और सऊदी अरब की महिलाओं के लिए बनाई गई फ़िल्म है जिन्हें इस्लामी क़ानून शरिया के अनुरूप रहना पड़ता है.
मुस्लिम महिलाओं के एक समूह ने फ़िल्म को बेहद अपमानजनक बताया है जबकि कुछ अन्य महिला संगठनों और अख़बारों ने इसे उथला और भड़काने वाला बताया है.
अयान हिरसी अली हॉलैंड के समाज में इस्लामी रीति-रिवाज़ों की आलोचना को लेकर लगातार मुसलमानों के ग़ुस्से का शिकार हो चुकी हैं.
देश के कई दक्षिणपंथी राजनेता कड़े आव्रजन नियमों की वकालत करते हैं और देश में बसे मुसलमानों से उनकी अपील रहती है कि वे समाज में घुलने-मिलने के और गंभीर प्रयास करें.

रूबिया ने मंदिर में नृत्य किया तो मुल्लाओं ने समाज से निकाला

2007-10-18T09:31:00.000-07:00

-प्रदीप कुमार
केरल में मलप्पुरम की 18 वर्षीय रूबिया और उसके परिवार को मुस्लिम समाज के कठमुल्लाओं ने जिहादी फरमान जारी करके समाज से बहिष्कृत करने का ऐलान किया है। उसका कसूर क्या है? उसका कसूर केवल इतना है कि उसे भरतनाटयम नृत्य से लगाव है और वह यह नृत्य सीखती है। बस इस 'जुर्म' के लिए स्थानीय मस्जिद कमेटी (महाल्लू) ने उसके परिवार से किसी भी तरह का व्यवहार न करने का 'फतवा' जारी कर दिया है।

स्थानीय महाल्लू से जुड़े रहना यहां के हर मुस्लिम परिवार के लिए आवश्यक होता है क्योंकि इस कारण उसे कुछ अधिकार मिलते हैं, जैसे, स्थानीय कब्रिस्तान में किसी परिजन के इंतकाल के बाद दफनाने की इजाजत। रूबिया के परिवार को यहां 'इजाजत' नहीं है और न ही उसके निकाह को समाज 'मान्य' ही करेगा।

हाल ही में केरल उच्चतर माध्यमिक विद्यालय उत्सव में वी.पी. रूबिया भरतनाटयम नृत्य में प्रथम रही थी। वह मुस्लिम बहुल मलप्पुरम के मोरायूर स्थित वीरन हाजी मेमोरियल हायर सेकेन्डरी स्कूल की नृत्य प्रतियोगिता में भी सर्वश्रेष्ठ घोषित की गई थी। उसके पिता सैयद अलविकुट्टी कहते हैं कि उसे मशहूर नृत्यांगना मृणालिनी साराभाई की नृत्य संस्था 'दर्पण' से न्योता भी मिला है।

मलप्पुरम के मुस्लिम बहुल क्षेत्र वल्लुवमबरम में अपने जीर्ण-शीर्ण घर में इस संवाददाता से बातचीत में श्री अलविकुट्टी ने बताया, 'यहां की मस्जिद कमेटी मेरी बेटी की इस उपलब्धि से खुश नहीं है। अगर वह 'ओप्पाना' और 'माप्पीला पट्टू' जैसी पारम्परिक मुस्लिम कलाओं में ईनाम जीतती तो अब तक उसे ढेरों पुरस्कार मिले होते। आज हम समाज-बाहर कर दिए गए हैं मगर महाल्लू नेता खुलकर यह नहीं स्वीकारेंगे कि भरतनाटयम के कारण उन्होंने ऐसा 'आदेश' दिया है।

रूबिया के घर की बैठक की दीवारें उसके नृत्य की तारीफ में मिले प्रमाण पत्रों, ट्राफियों और स्मृति चिन्हों से पटी पड़ी थीं। रूबिया तमिलनाडु की प्रसिध्द चेन्नै नृत्य अकादमी की ओर से जारी प्रमाणपत्र सगर्व दिखाते हुए बताती है, 'जब मैं वहां मयलापुर के पास हिन्दू बहुल क्षेत्र में एक मंदिर में नृत्य करने गई तो वहां के ब्राह्मणों को हिन्दी देवी-देवीताओं के भजनों पर एक मुस्लिम लड़की के नृत्य से कोई आपत्ति नहीं थी। कार्यक्रम के बाद उन्होंने मुझे बधाई दी। मगर समझ नहीं आता कि यहां मेरे घर के पास मेरे माता-पिता को दुत्कारा क्यों जाता है।' रूबिया की आंखें डबडबाने लगी थीं।

जब वह महज तीन साल की ही थी, तब उसने नृत्य सीखना शुरू किया था। आज भी वह पढ़ाई के बीच समय निकाल कर स्थानीय मंदिरों में नृत्य प्रदर्शन के लिए जाती है। परिवार पैसे वाला नहीं है अत: रूबिया के नृत्य कार्यक्रमों से सहारे के लिए कुछ पैसा मिलता है तो राहत महसूस होती है। कुछ समय पहले रूबिया की अम्मी का कैंसर के कारण इंतकाल हो चुका है। घर में उसके पिता के अलावा एक बड़ा भाई और एक छोटी बहन भी है। स्थानीय मुल्लाओं की नाराजगी उसे पहली बार तब झेलनी पड़ी थी जब वह प्रसिध्द गुरुवायूर मन्दिर के सामने नृत्य प्रदर्शन करके लौटी थी। तब स्थानीय 'महाल्लू' ने उस पर जमकर लानतें भेजी थीं। उन्हें रूबिया के एक हिन्दू मंदिर में भजन पर नृत्य करने से चिढ़ छूटी थी। 'मगर', रूबिया के पिता आगे कहते हैं, 'इस नाराजगी ने मेरे इरादे को और मजबूत ही किया और मैंने रूबिया के साथ उसकी छोटी बहन मनसिया को भी इस नृत्य में पारंगत करने का फैसला कर लिया।' वे बताते हैं, रमजान के बाद महाल्लू की ओर से पूरे इलाके में चावल और दूसरे खाद्य पदार्थ बांटे गए, केवल हमारा ही घर छोड़ दिया गया।'

यह पूछने पर कि हिन्दू समाज ने उसकी क्या मदद की, रूबिया कहती है, 'हिन्दुओं ने बहुत मदद की है। कई मंदिरों से मुझे नृत्य प्रदर्शन के निमंत्रण आते हैं। स्कूल के मेरे दोस्त, शिक्षक, गुरु सबको मुझ पर नाज है।'

रूबिया इस नृत्य में पारंगत होने के लिए गुरुओं से सीखना चाहती है, मगर अपनी गरीबी के कारण ऐसा कर पाएगी, इसे लेकर दुविधा में है। स्थानीय महाल्लू के बारे में अलविकुट्टी कहते हैं, उनके दिमागों में बहुत जहर भरा है। हम अगर पैसे वाले होते तो कोई हम पर अंगुली नहीं उठाता, हम भूखे रह लेंगे मगर रूबिया का नृत्य प्रशिक्षण जारी रखेंगे। रूबिया के कमरे में नटराज के बगल में ही शिव की एक अन्य मुद्रा 'कीरतमूर्ति' लगी है जिसकी वह नमाज के साथ-साथ पूजा करती है। वह बताती है, 'हर नृत्य से पहले मैं इस शिव प्रतिमा के आगे कुछ कुछ मिनट बैठती हूं। इससे मुझे ताकत मिलती है। नटराज से ही तो नृत्य की की भंगिमाएं उपजी हैं। मैं चिदम्बरम के प्रसिध्द नटराज मंदिर में भी गई थी।'

अम्मी अमीना की याद में रूआंसी होकर रूबिया कहती है, 'उन्होंने ही मुझे नृत्य के लिए प्रेरणा दी थी। मेरी अम्मी के कैंसर के इलाज के लिए हमारे मिलने वालों ने पैसे भेजे थे, मगर मस्जिद के मुल्लाओं ने हमारी मदद के सारे रास्ते बंद कर दिए थे। जब उनका इंतकाल हुआ तब उन मुल्लाओं ने यहां के कब्रिस्तान में उनको दफनाने की इजाजत नहीं दी।' रूबिया और उसके अब्बा गरीब हैं मगर झुकने को तैयार नहीं हैं। उन्हें उम्मीद है कि वल्लुवमबरम से बाहर के लोग उनकी मदद को आगे आएंगे। रूबिया का पता है-
द्वारा-वी.पी. अलविकुट्टी, गांव-पोस्ट-वल्लुवमबरम, जिला मलप्पुरम, केरल-673651, दूरभाष-09387507601

communists: exposed

2007-10-18T09:11:00.001-07:00

real face of left-gang

तसलीमा नसरीन की "लज्जा

2007-10-17T10:51:00.001-07:00

अपनी पुस्तक का विमोचन करने आयी प्रख्यात बांग्लादेशी लेखिका और नारीवादी तसलीमा नसरीन को बीते ९ अगस्त को कट्टरपंथियों की बदसलूकी का सामना करना पडा । यदि कार्यक्रम के आयोजक व पत्रकार नसरीन के सामने नहीं आये होते तो हमलावर लेखिका का बुरा हाल कर सकते थे, तसलीमा को बचाकर बाहर निकालने में एक तेलगू साहित्यकार और कई पत्रकार घायल हो गये।
हमलावर की अगुवाई मजलिस इत्तिहादुल मुस्लमीन (एमआई एम) के तीन विधायक कर रहे थे। प्रतिबन्धित उपन्यास "लज्जा" के बाद कट्टरपंथी मुस्लिम संगठनों के निशाने पर आई नसरीन ने कहा कि " यह हमला उनकी हत्या की साजिश भी हो सकता है लेखिका भारत में निर्वासित जीवन व्यतीत कर रही हैं।
नसरीन की हालिया पुस्तक " शोध" के तेलगू अनुवाद का विमोचन समारोह समाप्त होने को ही था कि विधायक अफसर खान , अहमद पाशा व मौजुम खान के अगुवाई में एम आई एम के करीब ४० कर्याकर्ता अचानक विमोचन
समारोह स्थल प्रेस क्लब परिसर मे घुसे और लेखिका के खिलाफ नारेबाजी करने लगे तथा नसरीन पर किताबें और कागज फेकें । तसलीमा ने कोलकाता जाते हुए कहा कि " अन्ततः कट्टपंथियों की हार होगी और लोकतंत्र तथा अभियक्ति की आजादी कि जीत होगी उन्होंने कहा कि " छोटे से समूह का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाला समूह मुझे शारीरिक रूप से नुकसान पहँचा सकता है पर उन्हें भ्रम है कि वे ऐसा कर मेरी आवाज भी दबा देगें लेकिन वे गलती कर रहे हैं।
इस हमले की निदां मुख्यमंत्री राजशेखर रेड्डी, सूचना प्रसारण मंत्री प्रियरंजन दास मुंशी तथा भाजपा प्रवक्ता प्रकाश जावडेकर आदि समेत पूरे भारत ने किया तथा भविष्य में ऐसी धटनाऐं ना हो क्योंकि यह हमला स्त्री समाज के आधुनिक सोच पर था पर क्या ये लोग सफल हो पायेगें? कभी नही

nauheed: my favourite actress

2007-10-16T11:03:00.001-07:00

Bon vs Bien, Mauvais vs Mal

2007-10-16T10:41:00.000-07:00

The French words bon and bien, mauvais and mal are often mixed up. This is because the two pairs have similar meanings: bon and bien are positive while mauvais and mal are negative. In addition all four of these words can be adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Bon and mauvais are usually adjectives, while bien and mal are usually adverbs.

The following table summarizes the differences between each pair; click the links below for more information.

	Bon	Bien	Mauvais	Mal
adjective	good	well	bad	wrong
adverb	nice	well	bad	badly
noun	form	good(s)	bad part	evil

French verb faire

2007-10-16T10:33:00.001-07:00

Everything you need to know about the irregular French verb faire

Faire is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and literally means "to do" or "to make." Faire is also used in numerous idiomatic expressions and in the causative construction.

To Do / To Make

Faire means "to do" and "to make" in most senses that these verbs are used in English:

Notes

When "to make" is followed by an adjective, it is translated by rendre:
That makes me happy - Ça me rend heureux
"To make a decision" is translated by prendre une décision:
I made a decision - J'ai pris une décision
Lesson on translating "to make"

Expressions with Faire

Faire is used in a number of idiomatic expressions, including some related to weather, sports, and math.

Everything you need to know about the irregular French verb venir

Venir is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and literally means "to come." It is also used in some idiomatic expressions and to conjugate the recent past.

To Come

Venir means "to come" in most senses that verb is used in English.

Il vient à midi

Je viens de Paris

Veux-tu venir avec nous ?

Viens vite !

Elle ne vient jamais aux réunions

Expressions with Venir

Venir is used in several idiomatic expressions:

Tu dois faire venir le médecin

Dans les années à venir...

De là vient que...

Recent past

Venir is commonly used to express the recent past - the idea that one has just done something.

Bernard Shaw "Maxims for Revolutionists" from Man and Superman (1903)

2007-10-16T10:22:00.000-07:00

Note
Bernard Shaw has sometimes been a naïve person as far as political attitudes are concerned, giving support to Soviet communism even when its authoritarian aspects were already amply manifest and being briefly sympathetic to Italian fascism. Nevertheless, he has also been, most of the time, a witty and unconventional thinker and many of these “Maxims for Revolutionists” are a clear sign of it.

THE GOLDEN RULE

Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same.

Never resist temptation : prove all things : hold fast that which is good.

Do not love your neighbor as yourself. If you are on good terms with yourself it is an impertinence : if on bad, an injury.

The golden rule is that there are no golden rules.

IDOLATRY

The art of government is the organization of idolatry.

The bureaucracy consists of functionaries; the aristocracy, of idols; the democracy, of idolaters.

The populace cannot understand the bureaucracy : it can only worship the national idols.

The savage bows down to idols of wood and stone : the civilized man to idols of flesh and blood.

A limited monarchy is a device for combining the inertia of a wooden idol with the credibility of a flesh and blood one.

When the wooden idol does not answer the peasant’s prayer, he beats it : when the flesh and blood idol does not satisfy the civilized man, he cuts its head off.

He who slays a king and he who dies for him are alike idolaters.

LOYALTY

Kings are not born : they are made by artificial hallucination. When the process is interrupted by adversity at a critical age, as in the case of Charles II, the subject becomes sane and never completely recovers his kingliness.

The Court is the servant’s hall of the sovereign.

Vulgarity in a king flatters the majority of the nation.

The flunkeyism propagated by the throne is the price we pay for its political convenience.

DEMOCRACY

If the lesser mind could measure the greater as a footrule can measure a pyramid, there would be finality in universal suffrage. As it is, the political problem remains unsolved.

Democracy substitutes election by the incompetent many for appointment by the corrupt few.

Democratic republics can no more dispense with national idols than monarchies with public functionaries.

Government presents only one problem : the discovery of a trustworthy anthropometric method.

IMPERIALISM

Excess of insularity makes a Briton an Imperialist.

Excess of local self-assertion makes a colonist an Imperialist.

A colonial Imperialist is one who raises colonial troops, equips a colonial squadron, claims a Federal Parliament sending its measures to the Throne instead of to the Colonial Office, and, being finally brought by this means into insoluble conflict with the insular British Imperialist, “cuts the painter” and breaks up the Empire.

LIBERTY AND EQUALITY

He who confuses political liberty with freedom and political equality with similarity has never thought for five minutes about either.

Nothing can be unconditional : consequently nothing can be free.

Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it.

The duke inquires contemptuously whether his gamekeeper is the equal of the Astronomer Royal; but he insists that they shall both be hanged equally if they murder him.

The notion that the colonel need be a better man than the private is as confused as the notion that the keystone need be stronger than the coping stone.

Where equality is undisputed, so also is subordination.

Equality is fundamental in every department of social organization.

The relation of superior to inferior excludes good manners.

EDUCATION

When a man teaches something he does not know to somebody else who has no aptitude for it, and gives him a certificate of proficiency, the latter has completed the education of a gentleman.

A fool’s brain digests philosophy into folly, science into superstition, and art into pedantry. Hence University education.

The best brought-up children are those who have seen their parents as they are. Hypocrisy is not the parent’s first duty.

The vilest abortionist is he who attempts to mould a child’s character.

At the University every great treatise is postponed until its author attains impartial judgment and perfect knowledge. If a horse could wait as long for its shoes and would pay for them in advance, our blacksmiths would all be college dons.

He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches.

A learned man is an idler who kills time with study. Beware of his false knowledge : it is more dangerous than ignorance.

Activity is the only road to knowledge.

Every fool believes what his teachers tell him, and calls his credulity science or morality as confidently as his father called it divine revelation.

No man fully capable of his own language ever masters another.

No man can be a pure specialist without being in the strict sense an idiot.

Do not give your children moral and religious instruction unless you are quite sure they will not take it too seriously. Better be the mother of Henri Quatre and Nell Gwynne than of Robespierre and Queen Mary Tudor.

MARRIAGE

Marriage is popular because it combines the maximum of temptation with the maximum of opportunity.

Marriage is the only legal contract which abrogates as between the parties all the laws that safeguard the particular relation to which it refers.

The essential function of marriage is the continuance of the race, as stated in the Book of Common Prayer.

The accidental function of marriage is the gratification of the amoristic sentiment of mankind.

The artificial sterilization of marriage makes it possible for marriage to fulfil its accidental function whilst neglecting its essential one.

The most revolutionary invention of the XIX century was the artificial sterilization of marriage.

Any marriage system which condemns a majority of the population to celibacy will be violently wrecked on the pretext that it outrages morality.

Polygamy, when tried under modern democratic conditions, as by the Mormons, is wrecked by the revolt of the mass of inferior men who are condemned to celibacy by it; for the maternal instinct leads a woman to prefer a tenth share in a first rate man to the exclusive possession of a third rate one. Polyandry has not been tried under these conditions.

The minimum of national celibacy (ascertained by dividing the number of males in the community by the number of females, and taking the quotient as the number of wives or husbands permitted to each person) is secured in England (where the quotient is 1) by the institution of monogamy.

The modern sentimental term for the national minimum of celibacy is Purity.

Marriage, or any other form of promiscuous amoristic monogamy, is fatal to large States because it puts its ban on the deliberate breeding of man as a political animal.

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

All scoundrelism is summed up in the phrase “Que Messieurs les Assassins commencent!”

The man who has graduated from the flogging block at Eton to the bench from which he sentences the garotter to be flogged is the same social product as the garotter who has been kicked by his father and cuffed by his mother until he has grown strong enough to throttle and rob the rich citizen whose money he desires.

Imprisonment is as irrevocable as death.

Criminals do not die by the hands of the law. They die by the hands of other men.

The assassin Czolgosz made President McKinley a hero by assassinating him. The United States of America made Czolgosz a hero by the same process.

Assassination on the scaffold is the worst form of assassination, because there it is invested with the approval of society.

It is the deed that teaches, not the name we give it. Murder and capital punishment are not opposites that cancel one another, but similars that breed their kind.

Crime is only the retail department of what, in wholesale, we call penal law.

When a man wants to murder a tiger he calls it sport : when the tiger wants to murder him he calls it ferocity. The distinction between Crime and Justice is no greater.

Whilst we have prisons it matters little which of us occupy the cells.

The most anxious man in a prison is the governor.

It is not necessary to replace a guillotined criminal : it is necessary to replace a guillotined social system.

TITLES

Titles distinguish the mediocre, embarrass the superior, and are disgraced by the inferior.

Great men refuse titles because they are jealous of them.

HONOR

There are no perfectly honorable men; but every true man has one main point of honor and a few minor ones.

You cannot believe in honor until you have achieved it. Better keep yourself clean and bright : you are the window through which you must see the world.

Your word can never be as good as your bond, because your memory can never be as trustworthy as your honor.

PROPERTY

Property, said Proudhon, is theft. This is the only perfect truism that has been uttered on the subject.

SERVANTS

When domestic servants are treated as human beings it is not worth while to keep them.

The relation of master and servant is advantageous only to masters who do not scruple to abuse their authority, and to servants who do not scruple to abuse their trust.

The perfect servant, when his master makes humane advances to him, feels that his existence is threatened, and hastens to change his place.

Masters and servants are both tyrannical; but the masters are the more dependent of the two.

A man enjoys what he uses, not what his servants use.

Man is the only animal which esteems itself rich in proportion to the number and voracity of its parasites.

Ladies and gentlemen are permitted to have friends in the kennel, but not in the kitchen.

Domestic servants, by making spoiled children of their masters, are forced to intimidate them in order to be able to live with them.

In a slave state, the slaves rule; in Mayfair, the tradesman rules.

HOW TO BEAT CHILDREN

If you strike a child, take care that you strike it in anger, even at the risk of maiming it for life. A blow in cold blood neither can nor should be forgiven.

If you beat children for pleasure, avow your object frankly, and play the game according to the rules, as a foxhunter does; and you will do comparatively little harm. No foxhunter is such a cad as to pretend that he hunts the fox to teach it not to steal chickens, or that he suffers more acutely than the fox at the death. Remember that even in childbeating there is the sportsman’s way and the cad’s way.

RELIGION

Beware of the man whose god is in the skies.

What a man believes may be ascertained, not from his creed, but from the assumptions on which he habitually acts.

VIRTUES AND VICES

No specific virtue or vice in a man implies the existence of any other specific virtue or vice in him, however closely the imagination may associate them.

Virtue consists, not in abstaining from vice, but in not desiring it.

Self-denial is not a virtue : it is only the effect of prudence on rascality.

Obedience simulates subordination as fear of the police simulates honesty.

Disobedience, the rarest and most courageous of the virtues, is seldom distinguished from neglect, the laziest and commonest of the vices.

Vice is waste of life. Poverty, obedience, and celibacy are the canonical vices.

Economy is the art of making the most of life.

The love of economy is the root of all virtue.

FAIRPLAY

The love of fairplay is a spectator’s virtue, not a principal’s.

GREATNESS

Greatness is only one of the sensations of littleness.

In heaven an angel is nobody in particular.

Greatness is the secular name for Divinity : both mean simply what lies beyond us.

If a great man could make us understand him, we should hang him.

We admit that when the divinity we worshipped made itself visible and comprehensible we crucified it.

To a mathematician the eleventh means only a single unit : to the bushman who cannot count further than his ten fingers it is an incalculable myriad.

The difference between the shallowest routineer and the deepest thinker appears, to the latter, trifling; to the former, infinite.

In a stupid nation the man of genius becomes a god : everybody worships him and nobody does his will.

BEAUTY AND HAPPINESS, ART AND RICHES

Happiness and Beauty are by-products.

Folly is the direct pursuit of Happiness and Beauty.

Riches and Art are spurious receipts for the production of Happiness and Beauty.

He who desires a lifetime of happiness with a beautiful woman desires to enjoy the taste of wine by keeping his mouth always full of it.

The most intolerable pain is produced by prolonging the keenest pleasure.

The man with toothache thinks everyone happy whose teeth are sound. The poverty stricken man makes the same mistake about the rich man.

The more a man possesses over and above what he uses, the more careworn he becomes.

The tyranny that forbids you to make the road with pick and shovel is worse than that which prevents you from lolling along it in a carriage and pair.

In an ugly and unhappy world the richest man can purchase nothing but ugliness and unhappiness.

In his efforts to escape from ugliness and unhappiness the rich man intensifies both. Every new yard of West End creates a new acre of East End.

The XIX century was the Age of Faith in Fine Art. The results are before us.

THE PERFECT GENTLEMAN

The fatal reservation of the gentleman is that he sacrifices everything to his honor except his gentility.

A gentleman of our days is one who has money enough to do what every fool would do if he could afford it : that is, consume without producing.

The true diagnostic of modern gentility is parasitism.

No elaboration of physical or moral accomplishment can atone for the sin of parasitism.

A modern gentleman is necessarily the enemy of his country. Even in war he does not fight to defend it, but to prevent his power of preying on it from passing to a foreigner. Such combatants are patriots in the same sense as two dogs fighting for a bone are lovers of animals.

The North American Indian was a type of the sportsman warrior gentleman. The Periclean Athenian was a type of the intellectually and artistically cultivated gentleman. Both were political failures. The modern gentleman, without the hardihood of the one or the culture of the other, has the appetite of both put together. He will not succeed where they failed.

He who believes in education, criminal law, and sport, needs only property to make him a perfect modern gentleman.

MODERATION

Moderation is never applauded for its own sake.

A moderately honest man with a moderately faithful wife, moderate drinkers both, in a moderately healthy house : that is the true middle class unit.

THE UNCONSCIOUS SELF

The unconscious self is the real genius. Your breathing goes wrong the moment your conscious self meddles with it.

Except during the nine months before he draws his first breath, no man manages his affairs as well as a tree does.

REASON

The reasonable man adapts himself to the world : the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.

The man who listens to Reason is lost : Reason enslaves all whose minds are not strong enough to master her.

DECENCY

Decency is Indecency’s Conspiracy of Silence.

EXPERIENCE

Men are wise in proportion, not to their experience, but to their capacity for experience.

If we could learn from mere experience, the stones of London would be wiser than its wisest men.

TIME’S REVENGES

Those whom we called brutes had their revenge when Darwin shewed us that they are our cousins.

The thieves had their revenge when Marx convicted the bourgeoisie of theft.

GOOD INTENTIONS

Hell is paved with good intentions, not with bad ones.

All men mean well.

NATURAL RIGHTS

The Master of Arts, by proving that no man has any natural rights, compels himself to take his own for granted.

The right to live is abused whenever it is not constantly challenged.

FAUTE DE MIEUX

In my childhood I demurred to the description of a certain young lady as “the pretty Miss So and So.” My aunt rebuked me by saying “Remember always that the least plain sister is the family beauty.”

No age or condition is without its heroes. The least incapable general in a nation is its Caesar, the least imbecile statesman its Solon, the least confused thinker its Socrates, the least commonplace poet its Shakespear.

CHARITY

Charity is the most mischievous sort of pruriency.

Those who minister to poverty and disease are accomplices in the two worst of all the crimes.

He who gives money he has not earned is generous with other people’s labor.

Every genuinely benevolent person loathes almsgiving and mendicity.

FAME

Life levels all men : death reveals the eminent.

DISCIPLINE

Mutiny Acts are needed only by officers who command without authority. Divine right needs no whip.

WOMEN IN THE HOME

Home is the girl’s prison and the woman’s workhouse.

CIVILIZATION

Civilization is a disease produced by the practice of building societies with rotten material.

Those who admire modern civilization usually identify it with the steam engine and the electric telegraph.

Those who understand the steam engine and the electric telegraph spend their lives in trying to replace them with something better.

The imagination cannot conceive a viler criminal than he who should build another London like the present one, nor a greater benefactor than he who should destroy it.

GAMBLING

The most popular method of distributing wealth is the method of the roulette table.

The roulette table pays nobody except him that keeps it. Nevertheless a passion for gaming is common, though a passion for keeping roulette tables is unknown.

Gambling promises the poor what Property performs for the rich : that is why the bishops dare not denounce it fundamentally.

THE SOCIAL QUESTION

Do not waste your time on Social Questions. What is the matter with the poor is Poverty : what is the matter with the rich is Uselessness.

STRAY SAYINGS

We are told that when Jehovah created the world he saw that it was good. What would he say now?

The conversion of a savage to Christianity is the conversion of Christianity to savagery.

No man dares say so much of what he thinks as to appear to himself an extremist.

Mens sana in corpore sano is a foolish saying. The sound body is a product of the sound mind.

Decadence can find agents only when it wears the mask of progress.

In moments of progress the noble succeed, because things are going their way : in moments of decadence the base succeed for the same reason : hence the world is never without the exhilaration of contemporary success.

The reformer for whom the world is not good enough finds himself shoulder to shoulder with him that is not good enough for the world.

Every man over forty is a scoundrel.

Youth, which is forgiven everything, forgives itself nothing : age, which forgives itself everything, is forgiven nothing.

When we learn to sing that Britons never will be masters we shall make an end of slavery.

Do not mistake your objection to defeat for an objection to fighting, your objection to being a slave for an objection to slavery, your objection to not being as rich as your neighbor for an objection to poverty. The cowardly, the insubordinate, and the envious share your objections.

Take care to get what you like or you will be forced to like what you get. Where there is no ventilation fresh air is declared unwholesome. Where there is no religion hypocrisy becomes good taste. Where there is no knowledge ignorance calls itself science.

If the wicked flourish and the fittest survive, Nature must be the God of rascals.

If history repeats itself, and the unexpected always happens, how incapable must Man be of learning from experience!

Compassion is the fellow-feeling of the unsound.

Those who understand evil pardon it : those who resent it destroy it.

Acquired notions of propriety are stronger than natural instincts. It is easier to recruit for monasteries and convents than to induce an Arab woman to uncover her mouth in public, or a British officer to walk through Bond Street in a golfing cap on an afternoon in May.

It is dangerous to be sincere unless you are also stupid.

The Chinese tame fowls by clipping their wings, and women by deforming their feet. A petticoat round the ankles serves equally well

Political Economy and Social Economy are amusing intellectual games; but Vital Economy is the Philosopher Stone.

When a heretic wishes to avoid martyrdom he speaks of “Orthodoxy, True and False” and demonstrates that the True is his heresy.

Beware of the man who does not return your blow : he neither forgives you nor allows you to forgive yourself.

If you injure your neighbor, better not do it by halves.

Sentimentality is the error of supposing that quarter can be given or taken in moral conflicts.

Two starving men cannot be twice as hungry as one; but two rascals can be ten times as vicious as one.

Make your cross your crutch; but when you see another man do it, beware of him.

SACRIFICE

Self-sacrifice enables us to sacrifice other people without blushing.

If you begin by sacrificing yourself to those you love, you will end by hating those to whom you have sacrificed yourself.

Expressions with prendre Using prendre

2007-10-16T10:17:00.000-07:00

Prendre usually means "to take," both literally and figuratively:

He took me by the arm

You can take it out of the drawer

I'm going to take a picture

Take your time

Prendre has a number of other meanings as well:

1. to come over, strike

I was overcome with anger

What's come over you? What's the matter with you?

2. to catch

I caught him cheating

3. to take in, dupe, fool

They won't fool me again!

4. to handle, deal with

There are several ways to deal with the problem

5. to set

The cement hasn't set yet

6. to do well, catch on, be successful

This book is going to be a great success

7. to catch, start

I hope the wood catches on fire

Prendre can also mean "to pick up" or "to fetch," especially when used with another verb:

Come (by and) pick me up at noon

Can you pick me up tomorrow?

Se prendre

Se prendre has several possible meanings as well:

1. to consider oneself

He thinks he's an expert

2. to get caught, trapped

My sleeve got caught in the door

3. s'en prendre à - to blame, challenge, attack

You've only got yourself to blame

He took it out on his dog

4. s'y prendre à - to do something about it

We have to do something about it, We have to take care of it

Expressions with prendre

prendre sa retraite

prendre une décision

prendre un pot

Qu'est-ce qui t'a pris ?

More expressions with prendre

Learn everything about the French word si

2007-10-16T10:11:00.000-07:00

The French word si can be an adverb or a conjunction. Either way, si has several meanings and is used in numerous French constructions.

Si = if
Si is the French word for "if":

Je ne sais pas si je veux y aller

Dis-moi si ça te conviendra

Et si je ne suis pas fatigué ?

Si j'étais riche, j'achèterais une maison

si clauses

Si = so

Si can be used as an intensifier:

Je suis si fatigué

J'ai si faim

Je ne savais pas qu'il était si mignon

Si = as, so
Si can make a comparison:

Il n'est pas si intelligent qu'il pense

Ce n'est pas si facile

Si = while, whereas

Si can put two clauses in opposition:

S'il est beau, sa femme est laide

Si tu es gentil, ton frère est méchant

Si = however, no matter how

Si can be followed by a subjunctive clause to express a concession:

Si beau qu'il fasse, je ne peux pas sortir

Si gentil que tu sois, je ne t'aime pas

Si = yes
Si means "yes" in response to a negative question or statement:Tu ne vas pas venir ? Si (je vais venir)
You're not going to come? Yes (I am going to come)

N'as-tu pas d'argent ? Si, j'en ai
Don't you have any money? Yes, I do

Jeanne n'est pas prête.

link to indian universities

2007-10-15T04:11:00.000-07:00

Orissa

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Berhampur University Bhanja Bihar Distt. Ganjam, Berhampur 760 007	VC: 91- 6812- 202322 PBX: 91 -6812 - 200615-616
2.	Orissa University of Agricultre and Techonolgy Bhubaneswar 751 003	VC: 91 -674- 402677 Reg: 91- 674- 404124 FAX: 91- 674- 407780 PBX: 91 -674- 402868 /402729
3.	Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur 768 019	VC: 91- 663- 430158 FAX: 91- 663 - 430158
4.	Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Visvavidyalaya Puri 752 001	VC: 91- 6752- 22663 Reg: 91- 6752- 22669
5.	Utkal University Vani Vihar, Bhubaneshwar 751 004	VC: 91- 674 -481850 Reg: 91- 674- 481387 FAX: 91- 674- 481850 PBX: 91- 674 -480735

Pondicherry

S.No.

Name of Institution

Concerned Authority
VC: Vice Chancellor
Reg:Registrar

Pondicherry University
R.V. Nagar, Kalapet,
Pondicherry 605 014

VC: 91 -413- 655175
Reg: 91- 413- 655176

FAX: 91- 413- 655265
PBX: 91- 413- 655177,
655184

Punjab

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Baba Farid University of Health Sciences 26-GGS Medical College Campus, Faridkot 151 203	VC: 91- 1639 -56252 FAX: 91- 1639- 56234
2.	Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143 003 Emai : hhsoch@gndu.ernet.in admn@gndu.ernet.in	VC: 91 -183- 258811 Reg: 91- 183- 258855 FAX: 91 -183 258820, 258819 EPBX 91- 183- 258802-09
3.	Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana 141 004	VC: 91 161 401794 Reg: 91- 161 -400955 FAX: 91- 161 -400945 PBX: 91 -161- 401960-79
4.	Punjab Technical University PO Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar 144 011 E-Mail: ptunet@nda.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91 -181 -297045 Reg: 91- 181- 297046 FAX: 91- 181- 290079
5.	Punjabi University Patiala 147 002	VC: 91 -175 -822418 Reg: 91- 175- 852416 FAX: 91- 175- 822881 PBX: 91- 175 -822461-65
6.	Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology P.B.No.32, Patiala 147 001 E-Mail: dir@tietlp.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 175- 212007 Reg: 91- 175 -216228 FAX: 91- 175 -212012, 212002, 214498

Rajasthan

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.*	Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali 304 022 E-Mail: mailto:ds@bv.eernet.in	VC: 91 -1438- 28371 Reg: 91- 1438 - 28359 FAX: 91- 1438- 28365 EPBX: 91- 1438- 28341/28324
2.*	Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333 031 E-Mail: Director: svenkat@bits.pilani.ac.in Registrar: regist@bits.soft.net	VC: 91- 1596- 42090 Reg: 91- 1596 -42192 FAX: 91 -1596- 44875
3.	Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur 342 001	VC: 91 - 291- 432947 Reg: 91- 291- 31733 FAX: 91- 291- 33733, 432947
4.*	Jain Vishwa Bharati Institute Post Box No.6, Ladnun 341 306 Rajasthan	VC: 91 -1581- 22116 Reg: 91- 1581- 22230 FAX: 91 -1581-- 22116
5.	Kota Open University Rawatbhata Road, Akhelgarh, Kota 324 010	VC: 91- 744- 421254 Reg: 91- 744- 426971 FAX: 91- 744 -426451
6.	Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Pushkar Bye Pass Ajmer 305 001	VC: 91- 145 -423601 Reg: 91- 145- 33580 FAX: 91 -145-423601/427153 PABX: 91 -145 -33570/33553
7.	Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur 313 001 E-Mail: vc@mlsu.ernet.in/adm@misu.ernet.in	VC: 91- 294 -413597 Reg: 91- 294 -414166 FAX: 91- 294 -413150
8.	Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner 334 002 E-Mail: 1.root-raub.raj.nic.in	VC: 91- 151- 523977 Reg: 91 -151- 61709 FAX: 91 -151- 522092
9.	University of Rajasthan Jaipur 302 004 E.Mail: clibrary@jpl.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91- 141- 512465 Reg: 91 -141- 511206 FAX: 91- 141- 511799 EPBX: 91 -141- 511070
10.	Rajasthan Vidyapeeth Udaipur 313 001	VC: 91- 294 -492440 Reg: 91 -294 -492441 FAX: 91- 294- 492490

Sikkim

S.No.

Name of Institution

Concerned Authority
VC: Vice Chancellor
Reg:Registrar

Sikkim-Manipal University of Health,
Medical & Technology Sciences
5th Mile, Tadong,
Gangtok 737 102

VC: 91 -3592 -23845(PBX)

FAX: 91 -3592- 23845
PBX: 91 -3592- 23845

Tamil Nadu

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Alagappa University, Alagappa Nagar Karaikudi 630 003 E.Mail: alagappa@csecri.ren.nic.in	VC: 91 -4565- 35200 Reg: 91- 4565- 35205 FAX : 91 -4565 -35202 EPABX : 91-4565- 35205-7
2.	Anna Yniversity, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600 025 E.Mail: annavc@sirnetm.ernet.in	VC: 91- 44 -2351445 Reg: 91- 44 -2352161 FAX: 91- 44 -2350397 EPBX: 91 -44 -2351126
3.	Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002 E.Mail: au.mgm@hotmail.com	VC: 91 -4144- 22283 Reg: 91- 4144 -22249 FAX: 91- 4144 -23080 EPBX: 91 -4144 -4602-201
4.	Avinashillingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women Coimbatore 641 043	VC: 91 -422 -440140 Reg: 91 -422- 441252 FAX: 91- 422- 438786
5.	Bharathiar University Coimbatore 641 046 E.Mail: mailto:ilango@as	VC: 91- 422- 422439 Reg: 91- 422- 422203 FAX: 91- 422- 422387 EPABX 91 -422 - 422222
6.	Bharthidasan University, Palkalai Perur Tiruchirapalli 620 024 E.Mail: vc@bdu.ernet.in	VC: 91 -431- 660248 Reg: 91- 431- 660245 FAX: 91- 431- 660245 EPBX: 91- 431 -660271
7.	Chennai Medical College and Research Institute Chennai 600 003	VC: 91 -44- 563144 FAX: 91- 44 -563970
8.	Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Thyagarayanagar Chennai 600 017	VC: 91 -44- 349999 Reg: 91- 44- 4341824
9.	Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram PO 624302 Dindigul District T.N. E.Mail: postmast@gri.tn.nic.in	VC: 91 -451- 52305 Reg: 91 -451- 52323 FAX: 91 -451 -52323 EPBX: 91- 451- 52371-75
10.	Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E.Mail: nataraj@shiva:iitm.ernet.in	Dir. 91- 44 -2351694 Reg 91 -44 -2350888 FAX: 91- 44 -2350509 EPABX: 91- 44- 2351365
11.	University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005 E.Mail: ptm@unimad.ernet.in	VC: 91- 44- 561074 Reg:91- 44- 561055 FAX: 91- 44 -567654 EPBX: 91- 44- 568778
12.	Madurai Kamraj University, Madurai 625 021 E.Mail: mkubic1@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in/ mku%bic.mku@dbt.ernet.in	VC: 91- 452- 859166 Reg: 91- 452- 600718 FAX: 91- 452- 858449 EPBX: 91 -452- 858471-75
13.	Manonmanian Sundaranar University, Abhishekapatti Tirunelveli 627 012 E.Mail: mailto:vc@mau.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 462 -337231 Reg: 91- 462- 338632 FAX: 91 -462- 322973 EPBX: 91 -462 -25721
14.	Mother Teresa Women's University Kodaikanal 624 102 E.Mail : mtwuni@md2.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91 -4542- 41021 Reg: 91- 4542 -41122 FAX: 91- 4542- 41121-22
15.	Periyar University, Govt.College of Engineering Campus Salem 636 011 E.Mail: Peryaru@md3.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91 -427- 443722 Reg: 91- 427- 443833 FAX: 91- 427- 443722
16.	Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya Enathur, Kancheepuram 631 561	VC: 91- 4112- 23885 Reg: 91- 4112- 23885 FAX: 91- 4112 -23885
17.	Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai 600 116 E.Mail: mailto:srmc@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in/ vcsrma@hotmail.com	VC: 91 -44 -4828431 Reg: 91- 44- 4828403 FAX: 91- 44 -4827008 EPBX: 91- 44- 4828029-32
18.	Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 641 003 E.Mail: btistnau@x400.nicgw.nic.in.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91- 422- 431788 Reg: 91 -422- 431821 FAX: 91- 422- 431672 EPBX: 91 -422 - 431222
19.	Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University, Poompozhil Greenways Road, Chennai 600 028 E.Mail: nagabooshanamp@hotmail.com.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91- 44 -4941919 Reg: 91 -44- 4941212
20.	Tamil Nadu Dr.MGR Medical University No.40, Anna Salai, Guindy, Chennai 600 032	VC: 91- 44- 2353595 Reg: 91 -44 -2353572 FAX: 91-44- 2353698
21.	Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chennai 600 051 E.Mail: tanvvas@md2.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91 -44 -5371574 Reg: 91- 44- 560506 FAX: 91- 44 -5371576 EPBX: 91 -44- 81234
22.	Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005	VC: 91 -4362 -40040 Reg: 91- 4362- 40740 FAX: 91- 4362- 40040 EPBX: 91- 4362- 81234

Tripura

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Tripura University, PO Agartala College Agartala 799 004 E.Mail: vc@triuce.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 381- 225434 FAX: 91- 381- 225434

Uttar Pradesh

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202 002	VC: 91- 571- 400994 Reg: 91- 571- 400220 FAX: 91- 571- 401885/ 400528
2.	University of Allahabad Allahabad 211 002	VC: 91- 532- 608157 Reg:91- 532 -608083
3.	Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Vidya Vihar, Rai Bareilly Road, Lucknow 226 025 E.Mail: vc@dbraulko.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 522 -440820 FAX: 91- 522 -440821 EPBX: 91- 522- 391353
4.	Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221 005 E.Mail: hgautam@banaras.ernet.in	VC: 91- 542- 316938 Reg: 91 -542- 316558 FAX: 91- 542- 317074 EPBX: 91- 542- 316801
5.	Bundelkhand University Jhansi 284 001	VC: 91- 517- 440321 Reg: 91- 517- 441578 FAX: 91- 517 -440321
6.	Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi 221 007 E.Mail: cihts@iitk.ernet.in	Dir. 91- 542 -385148 Reg: 91- 542- 385148 FAX: 91- 542- 385150
7.	Ch.Charan Singh University Meerut 250 005	VC: 91- 121 -760554 Reg: 91- 121- 763539 FAX: 91- 121- 760577 EPBX: 91- 121- 762021-24
8.	Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur 208 002	VC: 91- 512 -294557 Reg: 91- 512- 244466 FAX: 91- 512- 210408 EPBX: 91- 512 -294641-45
9.	Chhatrapati Sahu Ji Maharaj Kanpur University Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 024 E.Mail: vc@kuknp.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 512- 250450 Reg: 91- 512- 250301 FAX: 91- 512- 250006
10.	Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra 282 005 E.Mail: pss@dei.ernet.in	Dir: 91- 562- 350059 Reg: 91- 562- 350059 FAX: 91- 562- 351845
11.	Deendayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur 273 009	VC: 91- 551- 330767 Reg: 91- 551- 340542 FAX: 91 -551- 340459 EPABX: 91- 551- 335201
12.	Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Agra 282 004	VC: 91- 562- 352135 Reg: 91- 562 -352118 FAX: 91- 562- 352116 EPBX: 91- 562 -361264
13.	Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Faizabad 224 001	VC: 91- 5278- 24230 Reg:91- 5278 -22957 FAX: 91- 5278- 25223
14.	Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 248 006, Uttaranchal E.Mail: mailto:ICFRE.MIS@X400,nicgw.nic.in	Dir: 91- 135- 755277 Reg: 91 -135 -751826 FAX: 91 -135 -751826 EPABX: 91- 135 -757021-28
15.	Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263 145 Distt. Udham Singh Nagar, Uttaranchal E.Mail: sbs@gbpuat.ren.nic.in/ vc@gbpuat.ernet.in	VC: 91- 5944- 33333 Reg: 91 -5944- 33640 FAX: 91- 5944- 33500
16.	Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Hardwar 249 404, Uttaranchal E.Mail: gkvishva@nde.vs.net.in	VC: 91- 133- 416366 Reg: 91- 133- 427811 FAX: 91- 133 -416366
17.	Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Srinagar 246 174,Distt. Garhwal, Uttaranchal E.Mail: vc@hnbgugrw.ren.nic.in	VC: 91 -1388 -52167 Reg: 91- 1388- 52143 FAX: 91- 1388 -52174
18.	Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016	Dir: 91- 512- 590763 Reg: 91 -512- 590465 FAX: 91- 512 -590260 EPBX: 91- 512- 590151
19.	Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar 243 122	VC: 91 -581 -447069 Reg:91- 581- 50179 FAX:91- 581 -447284 PBX:91 -581- 76102
20.	Kumaun University Nainital 263 001, Uttaranchal E.Mail: vc@Kumuni.ren.nic.in	VC: 91- 5942- 35068 Reg:91- 5942 - 35563 FAX: 91- 5942- 35576
21.	University of Lucknow Lucknow 226 007	VC: 91 522 330065 Reg: 91- 522 -72761 FAX: 91- 522- 330065
22.	Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth Varanasin 221 02	VC: 91- 542- 358160 Reg: 91- 542- 357289 FAX: 91- 542- 350268
23.	M.J.P. Rohilkhand University Dori Lal Agarwal Marg, Bareilly 243 001	VC: 91- 581- 457282 Reg:91- 581- 457263 FAX:91- 581- 425537 /458384
24.	Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology Narendra Nagar, Faizabad 224 229	VC: 91- 5270- 62032 Reg:91- 5270 -62035 FAX: 91- 5270- 81497
25.	Purvanchal University Jaunpur 222 002	VC: 91- 5452- 63739 Reg:91- 5452 -63465 FAX:91 -5452 -62294
26.	University of Roorkee Roorkee 246 667 E-Mail: mailto:uorve@rukiu.ernet.in	VC: 91 -1332- 72742 Reg:91 -1332 -72430 FAX:91 -1332-73560 /72742 EPABX: 91 -1332- 72130
27.	Sampurnanand Sanskrit Viswhavidyalaya Varanasi 221 002	VC: 91 -542- 348130 Reg:91- 542- 343911 FAX:91- 542 -348130
28.	Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, PB no. 375 Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014 E-Mail: dir@sgpgi.ren.nic.in	VC: 91 -522- 451012 Reg:91- 522- 55007 FAX: 91- 522- 440973 EPBX: 91 -522 -440004

West Bengal

S.No.	Name of Institution	Concerned Authority VC: Vice Chancellor Reg:Registrar
1.	Bengal Engineering College,PO Botanic Garden Howrah 711 103 E.Mail: director@becs.ernet.in	VC: 91- 33- 6602916 Reg: 91- 33- 6601503 FAX 91 -33- 6604564 EPBX 91 -33 -6604561-64
2.	Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya PO Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Distt. Nadia 741 252	VC: 91 -33 -829772 Reg: 91 -33- 828163 FAX: 91- 3473-22275
3.	University of Burdwan, Rajbati Burdwan 713 104 E.Mail VC: vcdkb@burdwan.ernet.in	Reg: 91- 342- 65300 FAX: 91 -342- 64452 EPBX: 91- 342 -63913
4.	University of Calcutta Kolkata 700 073 E.Mail: registrar@evcc.ernet.in	VC: 91 -33 -2413288 Reg: 91 -33 -2414985 FAX: 91- 33- 2413222 EPABX: 91- 33- 2410071
5.	Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302	Dir: 91-3222- 2386 Reg: 91-3222- 55622 FAX: 91-3222- 2303 EPBX 91 -3222- 55221
6.	Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata 700 035 E.Mail: root@isical.ernet.in/ dean@isical.ernet.in	Dir: 91-33- 529330 CAO: 91-33 -529280 FAX: 91-33 -5776680 EPBX: 91-33- 5777694-97
7.	Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032 E.Mail: JUCL@ginsc101.vsnl.net.in/ dgd@JADAV.ERNET.in	VC: 91- 33 -4735508 Reg: 91- 33 -4735339 FAX:91-33 -4736236 EPABX: 9 -33 -4734643
8.	University of Kalyani Kalyani 741 235 E.Mail: klyuniv@giasc01.vsnl.net.in	VC: 91-3162- 828690 Reg: 91-3162 -828478 FAX: 91-33 828282 EPBX: 91-3162 828220
9.	Netaji Subhash Open University, Kolkata - 700020	VC: 91-33-2473145 Fax: 91-33-2473145
10	University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur- 734430 Darjeeling	VC: 91-353-450255 Fax: 91-353-450546
11	Rabindra Bharati University, 56A Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata-700050	VC: 91-33-5568019 Fax: 91-33-5568079
12	Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102 E-mail: vuniv@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in	VC: 91-3222-61009 Fax: 91-3222-61009
13	Visva Bharati, Santiniketan-731235 E-mail: root@vbharat.ernet.in	VC: 91-3463-52451 Fax: 91-3463-52672
14	West Bengal University of animal & Fisheries Sciences, 68, Kshudiram Bose Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata-700037	VC: 91-33-5565021 Fax: 91-33-5571986

2007-10-06T02:23:00.000-07:00

pics

2007-10-06T02:12:00.000-07:00

biography of bhagat singh

2007-09-27T02:26:00.000-07:00

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/09/070925_profile_bhagatsingh.shtml
(life)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/09/070925_bhagat_spl_devendra.shtml
(ideaological inclination)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/09/070928_bhagat_vs_gandhi.shtml
(gandhi vs. bhagat singh)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/09/070925_bhagat_spl_atheist.shtml

les photos

2007-09-27T02:12:00.000-07:00

chak de!!!!!!!!!!

2007-09-27T01:54:00.000-07:00

sun lo beta pakistan................baap tumhara hindustan..

2007-09-26T03:00:00.000-07:00

GURUJI

2007-09-25T23:35:00.000-07:00

आज़ाद भारत के सफ़र का घटनाक्रम..

2007-09-25T23:31:00.000-07:00

आज़ादी के साठ साल में भारत ने कई उपलब्धियां हासिल की हैंआज़ाद भारत के छह दशक के सफ़र में कई उतार-चढाव देखे गए. कई संवेदनशील फ़ैसले लिए गए और कई अच्छी-बुरी घटनाएँ हुई. इनका देश पर दूरगामी असर हुआ. आज़ाद भारत के अब तक के सफ़र पर एक नज़र:15 अगस्त 1947 भारत अंग्रेजों की ग़ुलामी से आज़ाद हुआ. लेकिन आज़ादी के साथ देश को विभाजन का दंश भी झेलना पड़ा. अलग देश के रूप में पाकिस्तान का जन्म हुआ और पंजाब और बंगाल में भीषण सांप्रदायिक दंगे हुए.22 अक्टूबर 1947 पाकिस्तान से आए क़बायलियों का कश्मीर पर हमला.26 अक्टूबर 1947 कश्मीर के महाराजा हरिसिंह ने कश्मीर के भारत में विलय संबंधी पत्र पर दस्तख़त किए.30 जनवरी 1948 शाम 5.03 बजे दिल्ली के बिड़ला हाउस में राष्ट्रपिता महात्मा गांधी की गोली मारकर हत्या.1949 पाकिस्तान के साथ युद्धविराम घोषित.26 जनवरी 1950 भारत गणतंत्र घोषित हुआ.वर्ष1950 भारतीय चुनाव आयोग का गठन. भारत के प्रथम उप-प्रधानमंत्री और गृहमंत्री सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल का निधन.1951 जमींदारी व्यवस्था का अंत.अनुमान है कि भारत-पाकिस्तान में विभाजन से लगभग एक करोड़ लोग विस्थापित हुए1952 पहला आम चुनाव हुआ. जवाहरलाल नेहरु के नेतृत्व में कांग्रेस भारी बहुमत से जीती और सरकार बनाई.1956 भाषाई आधार पर गुजरात, महाराष्ट्र, मध्यप्रदेश, आंध्रप्रदेश जैसे राज्यों का गठन.10 अक्टूबर 1962 चीन ने भारत पर आक्रमण किया. 42 दिनों तक युद्ध चलने के बाद चीन ने एकतरफ़ा युद्ध विराम की घोषणा की.27 मई 1964 प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू का निधन. लाल बहादुर शास्त्री प्रधानमंत्री बने.वर्ष 1965 भारत की पश्चिमी सीमा पर पाकिस्तान ने आक्रमण किया. संयुक्त राष्ट्र के हस्तक्षेप के बाद युद्धविराम.वर्ष 1966 भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री लाल बहादुर शास्त्री और पाकिस्तान के राष्ट्रपति अयूब ख़ान ने ताशकंद समझौते पर दस्तख़त किए.ताशकंद में ही लाल बहादुर शास्त्री का निधन.इंदिरा गांधी भारत की पहली महिला प्रधानमंत्री बनी. रीता फ़ारिया विश्व सुंदरी चुनी गईं.जवाहरलाल नेहरू के नेतृत्व में आज़ाद भारत की पहली सरकार बनीश्वेत क्रांति के तहत भारत दूध का सबसे ज़्यादा उत्पादन करने वाला देश बना.वर्ष 1967 देश को अनाज़ उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भर बनाने के लिए हरित क्रांति की शुरूआत.वर्ष 1969 प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी ने बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण किया.वर्ष 1971 भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच तीसरा युद्ध. 90000 पाकिस्तानी सैनिकों का आत्मसमर्पण. पूर्वी पाकिस्तान बांग्लादेश मे तब्दील हुआ.सोवियत संघ के साथ 20 साल की मैत्री संधि संपन्न हुई.दो जुलाई 1972 पाकिस्तान के साथ शिमला समझौता संपन्न. समझौते पर पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति ज़ुल्फ़िख़ार अली भुट्टो और भारत की प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी ने हस्ताक्षर किए.18 मई 1974 राजस्थान के पोख़रण में पहले भूमिगत परमाणु बम परीक्षण के साथ भारत परमाणु शक्ति संपन्न देश बना.वर्ष 1975 अदालत ने इंदिरा गांधी को चुनाव में धांधली का दोषी पाया.25 जून को देश में आपातकाल घोषित. अगले दो वर्षों के दौरान लगभग 1000 राजनैतिक विरोधियों को गिरफ़्तार किया गया.1971 में तीसरे भारत-पाक युद्ध में पाकिस्तान के जनरल न्याज़ी ने हथियार डाल दिएपरिवार नियोजन के लिए विवादास्पद नसबंदी योजना शुरू हुई.वर्ष 1977 19 महीनों के बाद आपातकाल समाप्त हुआ. छठे आम चुनाव में कांग्रेस की हार. जनता पार्टी के नेतृत्व में देश की पहली ग़ैर-कांग्रेसी गठबंधन सरकार का गठन.वर्ष 1979 जनता पार्टी की गठबंधन सरकार गिरी. देश में सातवें आम चुनाव हुए.वर्ष 1980 कांग्रेस में कई गुट बने. आम चुनाव में कांग्रेस (इंदिरा) की जीत हुई. इंदिरा गांधी दोबारा देश की प्रधानमंत्री बनीं.भारत ने स्वदेश निर्मित पहले उपग्रह प्रक्षेपक एएसएल-वी का सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण किया.19 नवंबर 1982 भारत में रंगीन टेलीविज़न का प्रवेश. लोगों ने एशियाई खेलों का उदघाटन समारोह रंगीन टीवी पर देखा.1983 भारत क्रिकेट विश्व कप विजेता बना. इंग्लैंड में आयोजित प्रूडेन्सियल टूर्नामेंट के फ़ाइनल में भारत ने वेस्टइंडीज़ को हराया.वर्ष 1984 चार जून को अमृतसर के स्वर्ण मंदिर परिसर में मौजूद चरमपंथियों के ख़िलाफ़ ऑपरेशन ब्लूस्टार हुआ.31 अक्तूबर को इंदिरा गांधी की उनके ही अंगरक्षकों ने गोली मारकर हत्या की. दिल्ली समेत कई जगह सिख विरोधी दंगे भड़के. राजीव गांधी प्रधानमंत्री बने.प्रधानमंत्री के रूप में आपातकाल की घोषणा इंदिरा गांधी का सबसे विवादास्पद फ़ैसला रहादो-तीन दिसंबर की रात भोपाल के यूनियन कार्बाइड प्लांट में मिथाइल आइसो-साइनाइड के रिसाव से हज़ारों लोगों की मौत.वर्ष 1986 तत्कालीन मुख्य न्यायाधीश पीएन भगवती ने भारतीय न्याय-व्यवस्था में जनहित याचिका की शुरूआत की.रामानंद सागर के अतिलोकप्रिय धारावाहिक रामायण से टेलीविज़न धारावाहिकों के युग की शुरुआत.वर्ष 1987 लिट्टे समस्या के समाधान के लिए भारत ने श्रीलंका में शांति सैनिक भेजे.वर्ष 1989 लोकसभा चुनावों में बोफ़ोर्स तोप सौदे में दलाली का मामला छाया रहा.कांग्रेस की हार के बाद विश्वनाथ प्रताप सिंह के नेतृत्व में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के समर्थन और वाम मोर्चे के बाहरी समर्थन से संयुक्त मोर्चे की सरकार बनी. इसी वर्ष कश्मीर में चरमपंथी हिंसा में तेज़ी आई.13 अगस्त 1990 पिछड़ी जातियों को आरक्षण से संबंधित मंडल आयोग की सिफ़ारिशें लागू करने की अधिसूचना जारी. देश भर में आरक्षण के विरोध और समर्थन में आंदोलन हुए.भाजपा के समर्थन वापसी से वीपी सिंह की सरकार गिरी. चंद्रशेखर नए प्रधानमंत्री बने.कपिल देव के नेतृत्व में भारत ने पहला और एकमात्र क्रिकेट विश्वकप जीताश्रीलंका से शांति सैनिकों को वापस बुलाया गया.21 मई 1991 लोकसभा चुनाव में प्रचार अभियान के दौरान राजीव गांधी की आत्मघाती बम विस्फोट में हत्या.इसी साल पीवी नरसिंह राव प्रधानमंत्री बने और उन्होंने देश में उदारीकरण के तहत आर्थिक सुधार कार्यक्रम लागू किए.वर्ष 1992 उग्र हिंदुओं और भाजपा से जुड़े कार्यकर्ताओं ने बाबरी मस्जिद को ढहा दिया, जिसके बाद देशभर में सांप्रदायिक दंगे भड़के.वर्ष 1993 मुंबई में सिलसिलेवार बम धमाकों में सैकड़ों लोगों की मौत.वर्ष 1996 आम चुनावों में कांग्रेस की हार के साथ अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी के नेतृत्व में भारतीय जनता पार्टी की 13 दिनों की सरकार बनी.भाजपा सरकार के विश्वास मत हासिल करने में विफल रहने के बाद कांग्रेस के समर्थन से एचडी देवगौड़ा प्रधानमंत्री बने.वर्ष 1997 देवगौड़ा के ख़िलाफ़ असंतोष के बाद आईके गुजराल को प्रधानमंत्री बनाया गया.वर्ष 1998 आम चुनावों में एक बार फिर भाजपा की अगुआई में राष्ट्रीय जनतांत्रिक गठबंधन की सरकार बनी. अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी प्रधानमंत्री बने.भारत ने राजस्थान के पोखरण में 11 और 13 मई को दूसरा भूमिगत परमाणु परीक्षण किया. जवाब में पाकिस्तान ने भी परमाणु परीक्षण किया.वर्ष 1999 प्रधानमंत्री अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी ने ऐतिहासिक लाहौर बस यात्रा की और पाकिस्तान के प्रधानमंत्री नवाज़ शरीफ़ के साथ द्विपक्षीय लाहौर शांति घोषणा-पत्र पर दस्तख़त किए.इंदिरा गांधी के बाद राजीव गांधी भी चरमपंथियों का निशाना बनेमई में कश्मीर में तनाव बढ़ा और कारगिल की बर्फ़ीली चोटियों पर दोनों देशों के बीच चौथा युद्ध लड़ा गया.अक्टूबर में उड़ीसा में आए ज़बर्दस्त चक्रवात में कम से कम दस हज़ार लोग मारे गए.केंद्र सरकार के ख़िलाफ़ अविश्वास प्रस्ताव पारित होने से वाजपेयी सरकार गिरी, लेकिन आम चुनावों में एक बार फिर भाजपा की अगुआई में एनडीए सत्ता पर काबिज़ हुई.वर्ष 2000 में भारत की आबादी ने एक अरब का आँकड़ा छूआ.इसी साल झारखंड, छ्त्तीसगढ, उत्तरांचल राज्यों के निर्माण के साथ देश में राज्यों की संख्या बढ़कर 28 हो गई.26 जनवरी 2001 पश्चिमी गुजरात में भयानक भूकंप. भुज सहित कई इलाकों में 30 हज़ार से अधिक लोग मारे गए.भारत ने स्वदेशी तकनीक से विकसित क्रायोजेनिक इंजन के जरिए उपग्रह का सफल प्रक्षेपण किया.13 दिसंबर को भारतीय संसद पर आत्मघाती हमला, जिसके बाद पाकिस्तान सीमा पर युद्ध जैसे हालात बने.सितंबर में अमरीका ने भारत पर से परमाणु परीक्षण के बाद लगाए प्रतिबंधों को समाप्त कर दिया.27 फ़रवरी 2002 गुजरात के गोधरा में अयोध्या से लौट रहे हिंदू तीर्थयात्रियों से भरी रेलगाड़ी में आग लगने के बाद सांप्रदायिक हिंसा भड़की जिसमें 800 से ज़्यादा लोग मारे गए.भारत ने दूसरी बार 1998 में परमाणु बम धमाकों का परीक्षण कियाजुलाई में सेवानिवृत्त वैज्ञानिक और भारतीय मिसाइल कार्यक्रम के जनक एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम देश के बारहवें राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचित.अगस्त में मुंबई में एक साथ हुए दो बम धमाकों में कम से कम 50 लोग मारे गए.वर्ष 2003 भारत ने कश्मीर में आतंकवादियों के साथ एकतरफा संघर्ष विराम घोषित किया.भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच हवाई संबंध बहाल करने पर सहमति बनी.वर्ष 2004 अप्रैल में संपन्न लोकसभा चुनावों में कांग्रेस पार्टी की जीत. प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह के नेतृत्व में संयुक्त प्रगतिशील गठबंधन की सरकार बनी.सितम्बर में भारत, ब्राज़ील, जर्मनी और जापान ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद में स्थाई सीट हासिल करने के लिए आवेदन किया.इसी साल दिसंबर में आए प्रलयकारी सूनामी से दक्षिण भारतीय राज्यों में भारी तबाही. हज़ारों लोगों की मौत.वर्ष 2005 भारत प्रशासित श्रीनगर और पाकिस्तान प्रशासित कश्मीर की राजधानी मुजफ़्फराबाद के बीच 60 सालों में पहली बार सीधी बस सेवा शुरू हुई.जुलाई में मुंबई में भारी बारिश से बाढ़ के कारण 1000 से ज़्यादा लोगों की मौत हो गई.वाजपेयी के नेतृत्व में पहली बार ग़ैर कांग्रेसी सरकार ने अपना कार्यकाल पूरा कियाइसी वर्ष आठ अक्तूबर को भारत और पाकिस्तान प्रशासित कश्मीर में भीषण भूकंप. भारतीय क्षेत्र में 1000 से ज़्यादा लोग मारे गए.29 अक्टूबर को दिल्ली में हुए सिलसिलेवार बम धमाकों में 62 लोग मारे गए. कश्मीर के एक छोटे चरमपंथी गुट ने इन विस्फ़ोटों की ज़िम्मेदारी ली.वर्ष 2006 भारत की अब तक की सबसे बड़ी ग्रामीण रोज़गार गारंटी योजना की शुरूआत.मार्च में अमरीकी राष्ट्रपति जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश की भारत यात्रा के दौरान दोनों देशों के बीच असैनिक परमाणु समझौते पर सहमति बनी.11 जुलाई को मुंबई की लोकल ट्रेनों में हुए सिलसिलेवार बम धमाकों में 180 से अधिक लोग मारे गए.आठ सितंबर को महाराष्ट्र के मालेगाँव में एक मस्जिद में हुए धमाकों में कम से कम 31 लोग मारे गए.नवंबर में एक दशक के बाद चीन के राष्ट्रपति हू चिन ताओ ने भारत की यात्रा की. दिसंबर में अमरीकी राष्ट्रपति जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश ने भारत को परमाणु रियक्टर और ईधन देने संबंधी विवादित क़ानून को मंज़ूरी दी.18 फरवरी 2007 नई दिल्ली-लाहौर समझैता एक्सप्रेस में हुए धमाकों में 68 यात्री मारे गए. इनमें अधिकांश पाकिस्तानी नागरिक थे.मार्च में छत्तीसगढ राज्य में नक्सलियों ने एक हमले में पुलिस के 50 से ज़्यादा जवानों को मार डाला.अप्रैल में देश ने अपना पहला व्यावसायिक अंतरिक्ष यान प्रक्षेपित किया. जो अपने साथ इटली के एक उपग्रह को लेकर गया.मई में सरकार ने देश की आर्थिक विकास दर 9.4 फ़ीसदी बताते हुए इसे पिछले बीस वर्षों में अब तक की सबसे मज़बूत अर्थव्यवस्था बताया.जुलाई में यूपीए और वाम दलों के समर्थन से प्रतिभा पाटिल देश की पहली महिला राष्ट्रपति बनीं.LINK : http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/08/070728_spl_60yrs_chronology.shtm